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 从2016年起,湖北省高考英语科将不再单独命题,而是采用教育部考试中心命制的全国卷试题。全国卷完形填空有一些题目考查同学们的语法知识。虽然这样的题目不多,但是只要是高考考查的内容,我们就应该认真对待。通过对近年来全国卷完形填空试题的分析,考查语法知识的题目基本上可以分为以下几类。   考查介词和副词的用法   例1 (2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷)In the store, I asked each of my kids to give something they thought our “friend” there would appreciate. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card. I thought about it. We were low on cash ourselves, but ... well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is 50 what we need to do!   50. A. yet B. even   C. still D. just   解析 D。本段大意为“我让我的每个孩子给那里的朋友们一些他们会喜欢的礼物。有的提议给他们苹果、三明治和一瓶果汁,我17岁的儿子建议我们给他一张礼品卡。我们虽然自己都缺钱用,但有时候给别人我们自己也需要的,而不是我们富余的东西正是我们要做的事情。”此题考查just表示强调的用法,意为“刚好是,正好是”。   例2 (2014年高考全国大纲卷)He had no food or water and he was in terrible pain. He couldn’t walk, but he managed to get out of the crevasse and started to move towards their camp, nearly ten kilometers 51 .   51. A. around B. away   C. above D. along   解析 B。此句意为“虽然不能行走,但他设法成功地从裂缝中爬了出来,开始朝10公里之外的营地爬回去”。此处考查away表示“相距……”的意思。   例3 (2014年高考新课标Ⅰ卷)As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis ... Before people retire, they usually plan to do a lot of great things, which they never had time to do while working. But 58 after retirement, the golfing, the fishing, the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they left.   58. A. only B. well   C. even D. soon   解析 D。一般而言,任何一种活动,做的次数多了都会令人厌倦。人们退休之前通常会计划在退休之后做很多很棒但目前无法做的事。但是退休之后,像高尔夫、钓鱼、看书等等其他的活动很快同他们放下的工作一样令人厌倦。第二、三句之间有对比关系,比较了退休之前与退休之后的情况。此题考查soon表示“……之后不久”的用法。   例4 (2011年高考全国Ⅱ卷)The worst time to fall asleep is when driving. Police reports are full of accidents that occur when people fall into sleep and go 36 the road.   36. A. up B. off   C. along D. down   解析 B。警方报告多起事故发生的原因是司机睡着了,把车开出了马路。此处考查off表示“偏离……;离开……”的意思。   例5 (2010年高考全国Ⅱ卷)A few years ago my older brother and I were not getting 24 . We had been close as children but had grown apart.   24. A. through B. together   C. along D. away   解析 C. 几年前,我和哥哥的关系相处得不好。小时候我们之间很亲密,但后来关系疏远了。此题考查动词短语get along表示“相处得好”的用法。   例6 (2010年高考全国Ⅱ卷)Rereading the letter, I was driven by its humor (幽默) and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my older brother but thought he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 34 . And with that one letter we became friends 35 . 32. A. never B. seldom   C. sometimes D. once   34. A. well B. often   C. much D. soon   35. A. later B. anyhow   C. too D. again   解析 32. D。重读这封信,我被信里的聪明、幽默表达所感动。曾几何时,这些品质恰好是我尊重哥哥的原因,我以为他已经不再具有这些品质了。考查时间副词once表示“曾经”。   34. A. 我从来都不知道他可以写的如此之好。考查well修饰动词,强调写得非常好。   35. D. 正因为这封信,我们又成为了好朋友。考查again表示“又一次;再一次”。   点拨 综上,我们可以得知完形填空对介词和副词的考查主要以以下三种形式出现:   1. 考查与动词的固定搭配;   2. 考查时间或地点副词的意义;   3. 考查其他对动词或形容词起修饰作用的副词。   准确理解上下文,把握四个选项之间的区别,是做对这类题目的关键。   考查关联词的使用   例7 (2015年高考新课标Ⅱ卷)Through the first two games, her team did not get one serious shot on goal. As a parent, I hated seeing my daughter playing her best, 50 still defeated.   50. A. if B. or   C. but D. as   解析 C。作为家长,我不愿意看到女儿虽然尽了自己最大的努力去打好比赛,却仍然被打败。两个分句之间存在转折关系,所以选择but。   例8 (2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷)When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for 54, his family might need, he burst into tears.   54. A. whoever B. whatever   C. whichever D. whenever   解析 B。我给了他一张礼品卡,告诉他可以用它来购买他家人可能需要的任何东西。此题考查whatever引导宾语从句,表“任何事物”。   例9 (2012年高考全国Ⅱ卷)Around twenty years ago I was living in York. 21 I had a lot of experience and a Master’s degree, I could not find satisfying work.   21. A. As B. Though   C. If D. When   解析 B。第二句话前半句讲作者经验丰富,而且有一个硕士学位,后半句讲作者找不到令人满意的工作,两个分句之间是转转关系,所以选择Though。   例10 (2012年全国Ⅱ卷)As I pulled the bus over to drop off little girl, she handed me an earring saying I should keep it 30 somebody claimed (认领) it.   30. A. in case B. or else   C. as if D. now that   解析 A。小女孩递给我一个耳环,让我保管好,以防有人来认领。两个分句之间存在条件关系,所以选择引导条件状语从句的in case。   点拨 完形填空对关联词的考查主要有以下两种形式:   1. 考查上下文的逻辑关系;   2. 考查各类型从句的引导词。   在做这种类型的题目时,首先要读懂空白处前后的内容,理清两个分句之间的逻辑关系,然后确定准确的选项。不能确定的可以把每个选项代入原文,看能不能构成意义上合乎逻辑的整体。有些题目还需要借助相应的语法知识,通过语法分析确定适当的连接词。   考查代词的使用   例11 (2012年高考全国Ⅱ卷)That night there was a phone call for 36 from a lady who was a director at a larger hospital. She asked me if I would give a one-day lecture on stress (压力) management to 200 medical workers. I said yes.   36. A. her B. a passenger   C. me D. my friend   解析 C。从第二句中可知,她问我是否愿意给她们的医务人员做演讲,所以电话是打给我的。   例12 (2011年高考全国Ⅱ卷)There are times when people are so tired that they fall asleep almost anywhere. We can see there is a lot of sleeping on the bus or train on the way home from work in the evenings. A man will be reading the newspaper, and seconds later it appears as if he is trying to eat it. Or he will fall sleep on the shoulder of the stranger sitting next to him. 26 place where unplanned short sleep goes on is in the lecture hall where a student will start snoring (打鼾) so loudly that the professor has to ask another student to shake the sleeper awake. 26. A. Next B. Every   C. Another D. One   解析 C。根据前文内容可知,有时候人们太疲惫了,几乎在任何地方都可以睡着,空前举了公汽和火车上的例子,空后举了课堂上的例子。所以应该填表示“另外一个”地方的Another。   例13 (2010年高考全国Ⅱ卷)These were all qualities for which I had once respected my older brother but thought he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so well. And with that one letter we became friends again.   It might never have occurred to 36 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no phones.   36. A.us B. anyone else   C. someone D. my brother   解析 D。第一段参见例6解释。第二段含有一个虚拟语气,如果他不是处在一个没有电话的地方,他也许永远不会想起要给我写信。此题考查考生准确识别代词he所指代的对象的能力。   点拨 完形填空考查代词的题目不多,找准代词所指代的对象是准确答题的关键。一般解答这类题目需要结合上下文,找出名词和代词之间的对应关系。   考查形容词或副词的用法   例14 (2015年高考新课标Ⅱ卷)My daughter plays on a recreational soccer team. They did well this season and so entered a tournament, which normally was only for more skilled club teams. This led to some painful experiences on Saturday as they played against teams 47 trained.   47. A. less B. poorly   C. newly D. better   解析 D。本赛季女儿的足球队进入了锦标赛,通常参加锦标赛的都是实力更强的俱乐部。这导致了周六与受过更好训练的球队比赛时的一些令人痛苦的经历。此题考查副词well的比较级形式。   点拨 完形填空对形容词和副词的考查主要以考查词意的形式出现,单纯考查比较级和最高级的题目出现得比较少,遇到这类题目首先要考虑的是句子中有没有比较结构,如果有的话找出比较的对象,确定是比较级还是最高级,然后根据意义和搭配确定是哪个形容词或者副词的变化形式。来源:高中生学习·高三文综版
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