法律之星--法律论文--知识产权法官造法批判
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∷【来源】《中国法学》&& 第2006-1期&&第
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知识产权法官造法批判　　
　　在财产法领域，法官利用......
　　知识产权法主权利法定和法律弹性之间的矛盾冲突......
　　有研究认为，法院适用民法或......
　　本文尝试在中国的语境下......
　　本文对中国法院的部分造法活动进行......
二、中国法官的造法活......　　
　　（一）扩充保护客体的范围
　　中国诸多法院在缺乏明确法律依据的情况下，曾先后......
　　（1）商品装潢。在198......
　　（2）没有原创性的“作品”。在......
　　（3）域名。域名本身在国内知识产权法上并非直接的......
　　（4）未注册商标。我国......
　　（5）未保密的智力......
　　（二）扩充知识产权的权能
　　中国法院还会利用不正当竞争法和知识产权法的原则条款......
　　（1）禁止反向假冒的权利。在北京市京工服装工......
　　（2）信息网络传输权。在著名的“王蒙等诉世纪互......
　　（三）直接否定现有法律
　　中国法院造法活动最为极端的表......
三、法官背离知识产权法......　　
　　（一）不同的知识产权观
　　中国法院在司法实践中对创设......
　　所谓洛克式的劳动自然权学说，大......
　　洛克的劳动学说，最初所描述的财产客体无非是麦子、......
　　所谓功利主义财产权学说，......
　　自然权学说和功利主义学说对知识产权法的司法适用有着......
　　部分对造法持开放态度的法官实际上是......
　　“劳动自然权学说”有着直觉性的号召力，中国......
　　（二）中国立法中的功利主义
　　中国知识产权法并没有实质意义上的值得......
　　中国知识产权法并不是孕育在一个象传统欧洲那样富......
　　中国立法者所选择的功利主义指导思想，在......
　　中国立法者从整体上选择了功利主义......
　　（三）民法和知识产权法的观念冲突
　　中国知识产权立法者选择功利主义，而司法者......
　　知识产权客体与传统有形的财产权客体相......
　　中国法院接受传统民法学说......
四、法官造法泛滥的现......　　
　　（一）违背知识产权法基本原则
　　在知识产权法对某些客体不提供......
　　版权法强调一项基本原则：版权保......
　　中国法院在广西电视节目......
　　除了数据库类的客体以外，......
　　首先，以未注册商标为例。中国......
　　其次，未......
　　中国法院要避免上述违背知识产权法基本原......
　　（二）破坏法定的利益平衡关系
　　在前面的案例中，本文已经指出法......
　　法院在造法活动中所描绘的知识产权权能体系与功利主......
　　在前面提到的王蒙案中，法院对......
　　法院在商标侵权案例中，也同样存在拓宽商标权权能的......
　　法院创设新的知识产权权能打破现有利益平衡关......
　　（三）损害知识产权法的确定性
　　在知识产权领域，明确的预见性比传统......
　　法官利用“诚实信用”、“遵守商业......
　　在社会公众看来，抽象的法律......
　　如何克服知识产权领域法官利用原则条款断案......
　　在谈到法律确定性时，有学者强......
　　（四）打开国际保护的后门
　　《巴黎公约》、世贸组织的T......
　　中国法院在知识产权案件中肆意扩充解释《不正......
　　知识产权国际公约中确定保护范围的一些重要条款通......
五、知识产权法的独占适用　　
　　在对中国法院的造法活动提出系统批评......
　　（一）拒绝劳动自然权学说
　　中国社会私有财产神圣的基本观念还不......
　　司法活动中放弃劳动自然权学说，首先要强调智力......
　　就像福柯所指出的那样，作者创作而获得所有......
　　司法活动中放弃劳动学说......
　　法院在司法活动中应当对所谓的“劳动......
　　（二）限制原则条款的兜底......
　　中国司法和理论界，关于不......
　　首先，应当明确知识产权法部门法在各自保护领域的......
　　其次，应当维持既有知识产权权能体系的刚性，......
　　本文强调知识产权法的独占适用，并不意味着完......
　　（三）谨慎对待市场失败论
　　人们为一种超出现有知识产权法......
　　数据库保护的例子说明，激励创造者提供一项新的智力......
　　既然不保护智力......
　　在市场失败的确存在时，法院给权......
　　中国法院在司法活动中，利用......
　　法官造法活动泛滥，原因之一是部分法院接受......
　　【作者介绍】清华大学法学院讲师，法......
注释与参考文献　　谢在全：《民法物权论》（上册）......
　　Thomas W．Merrill，Henry ......
　　参见杨玉熹：《论物权法定主义》，载《比较法研究......
　　王利明：《物权法论》，中国政法大学出版......
　　J．H．Reichman，Legal Hyb......
　　Bruce P．Keller，Condemned ......
　　关于“Misappropriati......
　　W．R．Comish，Intell......
　　邵建东：《德国......
　　前引⑧。
　　Marybeth Peters，Stateme......
　　书之：《论不正当竞争法和知识产......
　　William Patry，The En......
　　韦之：《论不正当竞争法和知识......
　　梁慧星教授认为法院可适用原则条款直......
　　莒县酒厂诉文登酿酒厂，载《最高人民法院公......
　　韦之：《论不正当竞争法和知识产权法的......
　　广西广播电视报社诉广西......
　　最高人民法院公布的案例中没有直接表述，......
　　《最高人民法院公报》1996年第1期将本案作......
　　张平：《中美数据库著作权保护的司法比......
　　比如，青岛市气象科技服务中心等诉东......
　　美国微软公司诉天津市医药集团......
　　深圳市中项网卫星网络有限公司诉美欧亚......
　　参见2001年最高人民法院《......
　　张平：《域名的知识产权......
　　“因为中国《......
　　参见《......
　　郑成思：《反不正当竞争-知识产权的附加保护》......
　　一审法院认为虽然原告注册在......
　　参见韦之：《论未注册商标的法......
　　北京仪表机床厂诉北京汉威机电有......
　　孙建、罗东川主编：《知识产权名......
　　前引（33），第274页。
　　杨金琪编著：《最新知识产权案例精粹与处......
　　广东省（2001）粤高法知终字第63号，......
　　北京市京工服装工业集团服装一厂诉北京百......
　　《......
　　北京市京工服装工业集团服装一厂诉北京百......
　　法院的判决依据是《中华人民共和国......
　　王蒙诉世纪互联通讯技术有限公司第，北京（1......
　　《......
　　最高人民法院《......
　　张承志诉世纪互联通讯技术有限......
　　最高人民法院《......
　　《......
　　李淑贤诉李文达等，北京中院（......
　　实际上，除了这两种学说之外，被视为知识产权......
　　John Locke，Two Treatise......
　　洛克是为了反驳罗伯特?菲尔默（Robe......
　　Peter Drahos，A Philos......
　　参见Robert Nozick，A......
　　参见Wendy Gordon，O......
　　H．Spenser，Social Sta......
　　Edwin C．Hetting......
　　Frank I．Michelm......
　　参见David Hume，A Tre......
　　吉米?边沁（Jeremy Bentham）：《立法......
　　William F．Patry......
　　Ronald V．Bettic Copyrigh......
　　前引（60），p．25．
　　Donald S．Chisum，M......
　　正如美国最高法院法官在Bonito B......
　　法官是否了解洛克、是否了解劳动自然权学说并不重要......
　　比如，在青岛市气象科技服务中心......
　　梁慧星：《电视节目预告表得法律保护与利益衡量》，载......
　　前引（65）所述案例。
　　中国学者虽然提出一些历史文献材料，揭示......
　　通常认为我国《......
　　J．W．Harris，Propert......
　　参见1960年文化部党组、中国作......
　　欧洲大陆典型的代表是法国。在启蒙......
Lois＆Actes du Go......
　　值得一提的是，1983年专利局的副局长沈尧......
　　这是当时身为国务院副总理的万里同志......
　　参见赵元果编著：《中国......
　　《中华人民共和国......
　　中国版权的诸多历史文献，可以参见周林、李明山编：......
　　Wheaton v．Peters，33......
　　H．R．Bep．No．2222，60t......
　　许超：《软件最终用户侵权应当承担法律责......
　　关于这场争论，可以参考......
　　最高法院的《......
　　Justin Hugh......
　　参见《中华人民共和国......
　　参见Peter Jazs......
　　江平、苏号朋：《民法文化初探》，载《天津社......
　　江平、苏号朋，《民法文化初探》，载......
　　Charles R．McM......
　　前引（109）。
　　Gary Muers，The Restatemen......
　　前引（90）。作者引用了R......
　　前引（109）。
　　前引（88）。
　　参见 Maya Alexandr......
　　王利明：《我国民法的基本性质探讨》，载《浙江社......
　　Feist Publications，Inc．v．......
　　前引（13）；版权保护越宽，后续新的作......
　　前引（96）。
　　前引（13）。作者认为......
　　前引（16）。
　　北京阳光数据公司诉上海霸才数据信息有限公司案......
　　关于数据库特殊保护立法的介绍，参见崔国斌：......
　　关于数据库保护所造成的副面影响，可以看......
　　1996年外交会议上WIPO的数据库公约（......
　　参见董葆霖：《......
　　比如，北京市东城区景山炉灶曹维修服务部诉北京育......
　　如前所述北京仪表机床厂诉北京汉威机电有限公司案一......
　　参见 Bonito Boats，......
　　Douglas C．Ba......
　　前引（13）。
　　Lloyd L．Wei......
　　法官典型的意见如：“我国......
　　Bonito Boats，Inc．......
　　出租权仅仅限于电影类作品和计算机软件（《......
　　法院在判决时参考了WIPO的新版权......
　　比如，金勇军：《好一个‘等’字了得！――评张......
　　关于网络服务提供者的间接侵权责......
　　中国立法者技术上对所谓“等”、“其他权......
　　北京市京工服装工业集团服装一厂诉北京百盛轻工发展......
　　《......
　　郑成思：《知识产权论》，法律出版社1998年版......
　　《中华人民共和国......
　　国内的食品、酒类、药品、电子、化工等诸多......
　　Monica Y．Youn，......
　　Dennis S．Karj......
　　Migiel Deutch，Un......
　　比如欧洲数据库保护指令（EU Dir......
　　广西广播电视报社诉广西煤矿工人报社案，......
　　David Lange，Reco......
　　Gary Myers，The ......
　　前引（129）。
　　R．Carl Moy，Statutory Su......
　　J．H．Reichman，Jonathan A．F......
　　前引（109）
　　这一原则条款一旦被扩张利用，几......
　　在2000年12月美国......
　　比如在北京市东城区是山......
　　比如，青岛市气象科技服......
　　Wendy Gordon提出的8个考虑因素，并进......
　　Lloyd L．Weinreb，Copy......
　　Wendy Gordon，Wendy Gord......
　　Miguel Deutch，Unf......
　　《保护工业产权巴黎公约......
　　参见《保护工业产权巴黎公约》第2条和《与贸易有......
　　在新加坡安创（私人）有限公司等诉无永机械电......
　　参见TRIPS第10条；《伯......
　　参见吴家柱：《我国数据库产业发......
　　邹汴：《论数据库的保护......
　　前引（22）所述案例。
　　比如美国最高法院先后将肯定计算机程......
　　参见易继明：《评财产权劳动学说》，载《法学研究......
　　参见梁慧星：《民法总论》，法律出版社......
　　美国在知识产权领域内的立法和司法实践就足以说明功利......
　　自然极学说的方法很容易从劳动转向......
　　Lloyd L．Weinreb，Copy......
　　Edwin C．Hettinger，Ju......
　　Michel Foucault，What ......
　　参见 William Patry，The ......
　　Rev．281，285－286（197......
　　美国工业利益集团的游说者发现将知识产......
　　美国1790年的版权法仅仅对美国的公民和居民提供......
　　前引（155），p．20．
　　International News S......
　　International News Serv......
　　参见Paul Goldstein，Cop......
　　英国的Millar v．Taylor......
　　韦之：《论不正当竞争法和知识产权......
　　在部分案件中，法院甚至同时适用知识产权......
　　其道理就像美国国会评论联邦版......
　　可参考美国最高法院的系列案......
　　Bonito Boat......
　　比如，作品的原创性、发明的三......
　　Lolyd L．Weinreb，Copyrigh......
　　前引（13）。
　　Lloyd L．Weinreb，Co......
　　统计数据表明，在Feist案之后，数据库的上市量不......
　　对智力劳动者的回报方式，除了财产权......
　　Dennis S．Karjala，......
　　有关市场自然领先时间（Natural Lead......
　　现在国内央视、凤凰等主要的电......
　　作品标题案件如：郭石夫诉娃哈哈公司第（......
　　Dennis S．Karjala，......
　　Dennis S．Kar......
　　瑞士Federal Law on Unfa......
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首先我们谈谈跟风原则是一种什么样的原则，那就是什么东西火，消费者就跟风一下，全部冲上去，像今年年初抢购食盐风潮一样，很容易形成一种旋风，而这种旋风的跟风的声音，就被很多专家形容为跟风原则，可见这是一种利用人类的跟风，或者理性一点就是一种社会的认同来进行的一种营销模式!
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现在很多网络营销专业人员，已经充分认识到跟风原则在网络营销方面的重要性，所以加大了在这方面的投入，有的能够组织相当多的水军团队，来加大影响力，同时还通过其他的营销策略，将跟风营销，品牌营销结合起来，形成一个立体的网络营销环境，保证了网络营销的效果。
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