双音有几种伴奏形式有哪些?下例怎么奏?

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“双重音乐能力的隐喻”――民族音乐学理论与方法(三)
Titon, Jeff Todd. 1995. “Bi-Musicality as Metaphor.” The Journal of American Folklore 108/ 429: 287-297.  
1971年至1977年:塔夫茨大学任英语助教,1977至86年:塔夫茨大学任英语副教授和Associate Professor of Music, Tufts University.音乐学院副教授,1986年至今在布朗大学音乐系任教授和主任。He is a Fellow of the American Folklore Society. His teaching began at Tufts University, where he was assistant professor of English, then associate professor of English and music. He has been a visiting professor at Carleton College, Amherst College, Berea College, and Indiana University.
80Downhome1977 1984 20012002  
文章结构:  
n一、文章目的――论题的提出  
n二、双重音乐能力-一种理解的手段  
n三、主体转移――双重音乐能力的隐喻  
一、文章目的――论题的提出  
l ――   
n& ――  
n――   
nsubject shift&   
二、双重音乐能力-一种理解的手段  
“”&   
在德黑兰南部的宽阔的老房子里,我即将结束我的波斯音乐课程时,我的老师突然用食指指着我:“你从未理解这种音乐。有些事是每个街上的波斯人本能的理解的但无论你怎样努力尝试你也理解不了。”我大吃一惊,但仍然知道他的意思,我脱口而出,“我并不真的期望理解这种音乐,我只是试图弄清它是怎样组合的。”“哦,是的,那就是你能学到的某些东西,但这不是非常重要。”“(内特尔,1983:259)  
三、身临其境――双重音乐能力的隐喻  
&subject shift  
ninformant  
subject shift  
1Michelle RosaldoRenato19891Rosaldo19899Rosaldo  
2Steve FeldFeld  
尽管作为传统参与观察的一个结果这里有许多关于卡鲁里人声音表达思想的东西我能理解,但我不认为我真的开始感到许多最重要的论题……直到那一天我创作了一首歌使得他们热泪盈眶。我也哭了,在那一瞬间那种强烈的目击的经历,我感觉到可能占据了那种审美事实的首要的情感的感觉,这种感觉存在于人类的核心。  
Feldsubject shift  
3subject shiftsubject shiftClydecdClyde   
Burt Feintuch  
subject shiftsubject shift  
subject shift  
being in the worldsubject shift  
shadow in the field  
subject shift  
music in culture”music as cultureconceptualizationconcept  
Hood“”“” “”“”Hood“”“”“”“”“subject shift”subject shift“”“”empathyTiton  
p. 288  
Mantle Hood was the first ethnomusicologist to write extensively about bi-musicality. Early on he considered bi-musicality to be a means of acquiring musicianship in the performance of “cultivated” non-Western music: “Training in basic musicianship of one order or another is characteristic of cultivated music wherever it is found. . . . It may be of some comfort to the music student of the West to realize that the Chinese, Javanese, or Indian student also must jump through a series of musical hoops. But if this kind of training is indeed essential, the Western musician who wishes to study Eastern music . . . faces the challenge of ‘bi-musicality’” (Hood 1960:55)…. In the 1960s Hood brought musicians from  Indonesia , Africa, and   China   to UCLA, where he directed the Institute for Ethnomusicology. They taught privately and in world-music ensembles (gamelans, for example) that became extracurricular activities (somewhat like chorus and orchestra) for undergraduates and graduate students. Hood’s later writings suggest that bi-musicality is best cultivated in lessons with a master musician from another culture and that the end of the resulting communication is a closer approximation of native musical understanding. Significantly, Hood also noted that the process resulted in friendship ().  
Nettl…accepts the view that an outsider cannot come to understand music like a native, even though he or she tries to follow the path of bi- and he goes on to write about the unique advantages of the ethnomusicologist as outsider (Nettl ). Thus bi-musicality has not received universal approbation within ethnomusicology. At the   University  of  Illinois  , where Nettl’s distinguished career took place,  
p. 289  
…For some, bi-musicality was too subjective, too self-indulgent, too unscholarly, too unscientific, too much fun, too much like the music-ed business…. Of course, in some cultural contexts bi-musicality is not feasible or not even permitted.  
p. 290  
…We have grown increasingly uneasy with the term collecting, and gradually we have replaced the sense that what we are doing is collecting information with the idea that we are involved with our informants in the intersubjective and dialogical coproduction “”“” of texts, contexts, processes, performances, interpretations, and understandings.   
As we ethnomusicologists become interested in intersubjective and dialogical understanding, the subject of our own experiences becomes a necessary object of inquiry. So we may be led to think that fieldwork isn’t really about gathering information, but that it is a quest for wise elders, an initiation rite, or perhaps it is a kind of therapy. If we view ethnography as a made world rather than as a found world, we cannot entirely escape such a reflexive swamp. But do we want to make it into a quicksand that we drown in, paralyzed, unable to work with informants, condemned and banished to a life of theory and contemptuous of all fieldwork as colonialist and exploitive?...  
…One pathway comes through the experience of what I am terming subject shifts, those moments of transcendental relativity when we become aware of and view ourselves as actors in the world C that is, …to view the world with ourselves inside it. When we reach this point,…we learn something valuable that goes beyond the production of texts and toward understanding… those moments when we are wrenched out of our ordinary identity and learn something about our “informants” and ourselves. Then I am going to return to bi-musicality and show how it can function as a deliberate method to create subject shift and offer the kind of understanding that arises from a musical way of being-in-the-world. “”“  
p. 296  
For me, bi-musicality has never just meant lessons in acquiring musical technique. Bi-musicality helps me understand musicking in the world, and my being in the world musically, from a particular viewpoint: the musical knowing that follows from musical being.   
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1&2&3&4&5&6&7&8&9&10&11&12&护坡有哪几种形式?举例说明.
护坡工程4.1 一般规定4.1.1 开发建设项目在基建施工和生产运行中由于开挖地面或堆置弃土、弃石、弃渣等形成的不稳定边坡,都应采取护坡工程.4.1.2 根据边坡的高度和坡度等不同条件,分别采取不同的护坡工程.主要有以下几种:
1 对边坡高度大于4m、坡度大于1.0:1.5的,应采取削坡开级工程.
2 对边坡小于1.0:1.5的土质或沙质坡面,可采取植物护坡工程.
3 对堆置物或山体不稳定处形成的高陡边坡,或坡脚遭受水流淘刷的,应采取护坡工程.
4 对条件较复杂的不稳定边坡,应采取综合护坡工程.
5 对滑坡地段应采取滑坡治理工程.4.2 削坡开级4.2.1 土质坡面的削坡开级.主要有直线形、折线形、阶梯形、大平台形等4种形式.
1 直线形:
1)适用于高度小于20m、结构紧密的均质土坡,或高度小于12m的非均质土坡.
2)从上到下,削成同一坡度,削坡后比原坡度减缓,达到该类土质的稳定坡度.
3)对有松散夹层的土坡,其松散部分应采取加固措施.
2 折线形:
1)适用于高12m一20m、结构比较松散的土坡,特别适用于上部结构较松散,下部结构较紧密的土坡.
2)重点是削缓上部,削坡后保持上部较缓、下部较陡的折线形.
3)上下部的高度和坡比,根据土坡高度与土质情况,具体分析确定,以削坡后能保证稳定安全为原则.
3 阶梯形:
1)适用于高12m以上、结构较松散,或高20m以上、结构较紧密的均质土坡.
2)每一阶小平台的宽度和两平台间的高差,根据当地土质与暴雨迳流情况,具体研究确定.一般小平台宽1.5m~2.0m,两台间高差6m~12m.干旱、半干旱地区,两台间高差大些;湿润、半湿润地区,两台间高差小些.
3)开级后应保证土坡稳定.
4 大平台形:
1)适用于高度大于30m,或在8度以上高烈度地震区的土坡.
2)大平台一般开在土坡中部,宽4m以上.平台具体位置与尺寸,需根据《地震区建筑技术规范》对土质边坡高度的限制,研究确定.
3)大平台尺寸基本确定后,需对边坡进行稳定性验算.4.2.2 石质坡面的削坡开级,应符合以下要求:
1 坡度要求.除坡面石质坚硬、不易风化的外,削坡后的坡比一般应缓于1:1.
2 石质坡面削坡,应留出齿槽,齿槽间距3m~5m,齿槽宽度lm~2m.在齿槽上修筑排水明沟和渗沟,一般深10cm~30Cm,宽20cm~50cm.4.2.3 坡脚防护:
1 削坡后因土质疏松可能产生碎落或塌方的坡脚,应修筑挡土墙予以防护.具体技术参照本规范3.3.4 的规定执行.
2 无论土质削坡或石质削坡,都应在距坡脚1m处,开挖防洪排水渠,断面尺寸根据坡面来水情况计算确定.4.2.4 坡面防护:
1 削坡开级后的坡面,应采取植物护坡措施.在阶梯形的小平台和大平台形的大平台中,宜种植乔木或果树,其余坡面可种植草类、灌木.
2 植物护坡有关技术,参照本规范4.3的要求执行.4.3 植物护坡4.3.1 种草护坡:
对坡比小于1.0:1.5,土层较薄的沙质或土质坡面,可采取种草护坡工程.
1 种草护坡应先将坡面进行整治,并选用生长快的低矮钢伏型草种.
2 种草护坡应根据不同的坡面情况,采用不同的方法.一般土质坡面采用直接播种法;密实的土质边坡上,采取坑植法;在风沙坡地,应先设沙障,固定流沙,再播种草籽.
3 种草后1年一2年内,进行必要的封禁和抚育措施.4.3.2 造林护坡:
对坡度10°~20°,在南方坡面土层厚15cm以上、北方坡面土层厚40cm以上、立地条件较好的地方,采用造林护坡.
1 护坡造林应采用深根性与浅根性相结合的乔灌木混交方式,同时选用适应当地条件、速生的乔木和灌木树种.
2 在坡面的坡度、坡向和土质较复杂的地方,将造林护坡与种草护坡结合起来,实行乔、灌、草相结合的植物或藤本植物护坡.
3 坡面采取植苗造林时,苗木宜带土栽植,并应适当密植.4.4 工程护披4.4.1 砌石护坡.有干砌石和浆砌石两种形式,根据不同需要分别采用.
1 干砌石护坡:
1)坡面较缓(1.0:2.5~1.0:3.0)、受水流冲刷较轻的坡面,采用单层干砌块石护坡或双层干砌块石护坡.
2)坡面有涌水现象时,应在护坡层下铺设15cm以上厚度的碎石、粗砂或砂砾作为反滤层.封顶用平整块石砌护.
3)干砌石护坡的坡度,根据土体的结构性质而定,土质坚实的砌石坡度可陡些,反之则应缓些.一般坡度1.0:2.5~1.0:3.0,个别可为1.0:2.0.
2 浆砌石护坡:
1)坡度在1:1~1:2之间,或坡面位于沟岸、河岸,下部可能遭受水流冲刷,且洪水冲击力强的防护地段,宜采用浆砌石护坡.
2)浆砌石护坡由面层和起反滤层作用的垫层组成.面层铺砌厚度为25cm~35cm,垫层又分单层和双层两种,单层厚5cm~15cm,双层厚20cm~25cm.原坡面如为砂、砾、卵石,可不设垫层.
3)对长度较大的浆砌石护坡,应沿纵向每隔10m~15m设置一道宽约2cm的伸缩缝,并用沥青或木条填塞.4.4.2 抛石护坡.坡脚为沟岸、河岸,暴雨中可能遭受洪水淘刷的部分,对枯水位以下的坡脚应采取抛石护坡.有散抛块石、石笼抛石和草袋抛石3种方式,根据不同情况,分别选用.其技术要求参见本规范6.2.2.4.4.3 混凝土护坡.在边坡坡脚可能遭受强烈洪水冲刷的陡坡段,采取混凝土(或钢筋混凝土)护坡,必要时需加锚固定.
1 边坡介于1.0:1.0~1.0:0.5之间的、高度小于3m的坡面,用一般混凝土砌块护坡,砌块长宽各30cm~50cm;边坡陡于1.0:0.5的,用钢筋混凝土护坡.
2 坡面有涌水现象时,用粗砂、碎石或砂砾等设置反滤层.涌水量较大时,修筑盲沟排水.盲沟在涌水处下端水平设置,宽20Cm~50cm,深20cm~40cm.4.4.4 喷浆护坡.在基岩不太发育裂隙、无大崩塌的坡段,采用喷浆机进行喷浆或喷混凝土护坡,以防止基岩风化剥落.
1 喷涂水泥砂浆的砂石料最大粒径15mm,水泥和砂石的重量比1:4~1:5,砂率50%~60%,水灰比0.4~0.5.速凝剂的添加量为水泥重量的3%左右.
2 喷浆前必须清除坡面活动岩石、废渣、浮土、草根等杂物,填堵大缝隙、大坑洼.
3 破碎程度较轻的坡段,可根据当地土料情况,就地取材,用胶泥喷涂护坡,或用胶泥作为喷浆的垫层.
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扫描下载二维码双音节词语是什么?求详解、求举例
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