话题：二o一六年农民工人工资是涨是跌问：二o一六年农民工人工资是涨是跌推荐回答：2016年农民工工资应该是属于一个平稳的状态，不会有太大跌幅。话题：中国农民2007年人均纯收入是多少人民币？推荐回答： 日,国务院新闻办公室举行新闻发布会，国家统计局局长谢伏瞻在会上说，初步核算，全年国内生产总值246619 亿元，比上年增长11.4% ，加快0.3 个百分点，连续五年增速达到或超过10% ，全国农村居民人均纯收入达4140 元，比上年增长15.4...话题：西安市2O10年农民人均纯收入和农民人均消费支出是多少推荐回答：陕西省统计局国家调查总队于日公布的西安市2010年农村居民人均纯收入4105元；农村居民人均生活消费支出3794元话题：二O一七年农民种植什么可赚钱?问：二O一七年农民种植什么可赚钱?种植中药材可以吗?湖北省内有免费供种且回...推荐回答：没有 都是种苗要钱可以签合同的话题：犍为七七一六o部队七七分队是什么兵推荐回答：千万不要询问具体部队的具体信息，比如番号，人员职位, 驻地，装备，人数，联系方式等等，否则很容易涉嫌窃取国家机密，后果很严重的。话题：o8年江夏区城市人均可支配收入是多少。。。不要农...推荐回答：去你们当地统计局官网上查找，或者是到当地老公保障网查找。话题：08年的9月~10月份时政问：不要那些什么很大的国家大事或者国际新闻 就那种小型的就好 用来考试的 ...推荐回答：●巴基斯坦国民议会及四省议会9月6日同时举行总统选举。巴人民党联合主席、已故...到二O二O年农村改革发展基本目标任务是:农民人均纯收入比二OO八年翻一番,消费...Sponsor Showcases
Nostalgic Prologue
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I have had the pleasure of working with several GPUs throughout my lifetime. I have mostly stuck with Nvidia over the years but did bounce back and forth between AMD and NVidia. Since the launch...
A guide to the interworkings of the internet
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Rev 1.2.1How the Internet works!
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Introduction
Many users on the internet only care about a couple things, "Can I get to my e-mail?", "It works so thats all that matters!", "Look at the cute cuddly LOLCats.". Well, do you know what comprises the internet and how each mechanism works?
What if something went down, would you know how to respond to a situation like this?
Say that you have your Internet Line go down, however your modem still responds to pings, the noise to signal ratio is looking good, and your ISP blames it on you not powercycling your modem.
Would you know how to respond?
I want to give you the knowledge to better understand the aspects of how the Internet works, and the hardware used in the Internet system.
What will be covered is the hardware, makeup, and construction of LANs, WANs, and software devoted to networking.
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Lets go through some of the basics.
Everyone has some type of modem in their house.
Whether it be for the internet, telephone line, TV, or any other device that uses a modulated line.
A modem is exactly this.
A Modulating/De-Modulating mechanism.
The function of the modem is to encode a signal so that it can be carried over a form of media from point A to point B and be easily decoded on the other end.
Mostly anything that is brought to you by data from the internet is directly transferred through a modem at some point.
Originally, the modem started out as a 300 bit/ps piece of hardware looking like this:
Credit to:
for uploading the picture.
This piece of hardware is basically an acoustic coupler, picking up the fluctuations and tones of the signal.
What usually would happen would there would be two modems, similar to that of a client and server, however these modems would be called the Originate modem and the other called an Answer modem.
However, though you may be thinking that the Originate modem would be the computer, and the the Answer Modem would be the server it is in reality the opposite.
The computer was always the answer modem, and the dumb terminal was the Originate modem.
These modems would connect to that dumb terminal to gain access to the web, however these days, the modem connects to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) and the ISP connects us to the internet.
How this operates is that we have a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP).
Once the information (packet) has been transferred to the modem, it is then transferred to the ISP and to the server.
The same steps are required to get the data from the Server back to your computer.
There are different types of connections and classifications for modems.
DSL/ADSL/VDSL
Phone-Line
Fiber-Optic
And future implementations of networking technology will most likely also have modems.
To understand how a cable modem works, you need to understand a bit about electricity.
A signal operates over an electrical field. In the instance of cable or co-axial connections, the data being sent to the modem and TV receiver are able to be put into the same electrical range.
Electrical Range is commonly referred to as Bandwidth.
Bandwidth is measurable in Hertz, since the transfer rate is measured in Hertz.
The only ways to increase and boost transmission range is to increase the amount of lines or increase the speed on the lines.
Due to the standards of coaxial cables, these cables can carry several hundreds of megahertz on a given line.
However, bit rate is not solely dependent on frequency.
A Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem works on a Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) infrastructure.
This infrastructure is basically using the telephone lines that are already in place for day to day internet services.
The modem at the customer premise communicates through provider equipment known as the DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer).
The modem negotiates a bandwidth value with the remote end based on cabling conditions.
The service generally supports speeds ranging from ~1 to 25 Mbps depending on the standard used.
A downfall to DSL, however, is that the signal loses its strength the longer it travels from the provider's office to your equipment.
This rating is measured and negotiated between points with values known as "Attenuation" (Signal Loss).
A phone-line modem is what several used in the 90's, and still use today either because cable, DSL, or fiber is not in the area, or as a backup for businesses when their own internet system goes down.
One of the earliest forms of Internet Connectivity. Since recent forms of dial-up modems max out their transfer rate at 56kpbs, ISP's have come up with server side compression.
This allows images, text, and other media on the requested media to be compressed to allow a higher rate of transfer.
How this system works is similar to the older methods of modems.
It uses a Line-to-Line connection to initiate and connect to the ISP's hub.
Cellular modems are becoming increasingly widespread as faster and longer range technologies are being developed and implemented.
They are a cost effective solution for generally lower-bandwidth demands and convenience as there is no additional cabling required to reach the remote end.
Cellular modems come in a variety of formats including laptop 'air cards', router modules and even as an integrated component in cell phones.
Fiber-Optic 'Modems' can also generally be referred to as 'Media Converters'.
Their main function is to convert the beams of light received through the fiber into another transport medium such as copper RJ-45, which exist in most computers and networking equipment today.
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Networking Infrastructure
You may be wondering what is included in my field for the Networking Infrastructure. Well, every home network is made up of a combination of the following:Note: All layers mentioned here are in terms of the OSI Model unless otherwise noted
Hub/Repeater
A Hub or Repeater operates on Layer 1 of the OSI Model (Physical).
It is a "dumb" device since the only objective it has is to transfer bits between one interface to the next interface.
The device forwards all bits received toward all of its other ports.
It does not think for itself, so a packet "collision" is possible when two packets are sent at the same time to any port.
Most switches operate on Layer 2 of the OSI Model (Data Link).
It is considered a smarter device than a hub due to the fact that it uses a Media Access Control (MAC) address table to correlate frames to specific interfaces.
The role of switch is to expand connectivity to multiple devices in a network.
In most households we use Layer 2 Switches, which are responsible for memorizing the MAC address table and what port/interface is associated with that entry.
Switches, however, can operate on multiple layers of the OSI model.
A switch with layer 3 capabilities can take up some of the functions of a router below for routing packets between different networks or subnets.
A Router operates on Layer 3 of the OSI Model (Network).
There are many different types of routers though they function at a similar fundamental level.
The primary functions of a router are to transfer packets between different networks, negotiate routing protocols with other routers and manage routes.
These protocols and routes allow the router to know about where to forward packets so they can reach their intended destination.
Many home routers receive a default route from the ISP to forward all traffic to the ISPs router specifically.
From there, the ISP router maintains a full table of routes on the Internet in order to have your traffic reach its destination.
The Internet as a whole is mostly comprised of routers.
Usually much more powerful, comprising of several different types of connections including serial, phone lines, Ethernet, fiber-optic or coaxial cables.
Wireless Access Points (WAP)
These can either be extensions of a current wireless network or allow for a wireless network to be created from a wired only topology. These devices operate on the IEEE 802.11 standards, which is the underlying creation of "Wi-Fi". These operate on Radio Waves in a means of communications. These are broken down to two different classifications. Wireless Frequency in Megahertz, and Wireless Channel. The listing is below
Frequency (MHz)
Networking Interface Cards (NIC)
Networking interface cards are what essentially connects your home network together with wires. These NICs can be used in any type of connection field (IE: Ethernet, Fiber-Optic, etc). Usually, most home and residential NICs only contain a RJ-45 (networking) jack connection.
Wireless Network Interface Cards (WNIC)
Wireless network cards are the wireless equivalents of their NIC brothers.
However, these cards operate on wireless radio frequencies.
They offer varying inter-operable standards for connectivity among a variety of frequency ranges depending on the card (2.4/5 GHz).
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Internet Addressing
At a residential connection, to interact and communicate with anyone you will need an Internet Protocol Address (IP Address). Each country and region are leased a certain range of numbers which are given to the Regional Internet Registry. The Regional Internet Registry is then responsible for handing out these lease ranges to Local Internet Registries or the National Service Registries, which then hand them out to Internet Service Providers, and then the ISP leases them to the consumer. This forms a hierarchical pyramid, always leading back up the IANA.
A full log of how the IP Prefixes are set up are listed
in plain text or
in XML format. They are copied here and put in a code tag below:
Designation
Status [1]
IANA - Local Identification
UNALLOCATED
whois.ripe.net
General Electric Company
Level 3 Communications, Inc.
UNALLOCATED
Army Information Systems Center
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Level 3 Communications, Inc.
IANA - Private Use
DoD Intel Information Systems
AT&T Bell Laboratories
Xerox Corporation
UNALLOCATED
Hewlett-Packard Company
Digital Equipment Corporation
Apple Computer Inc.
Ford Motor Company
Computer Sciences Corporation
Defense Information Systems Agency
UNALLOCATED
whois.arin.net
UK Ministry of Defence
whois.ripe.net
Defense Information Systems Agency
UNALLOCATED
Defense Information Systems Agency
Defense Information Systems Agency
UNALLOCATED
AT&T Global Network Services
DLA Systems Automation Center
Halliburton Company
MERIT Computer Network
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
Performance Systems International
UNALLOCATED
Eli Lily & Company
2005-04 whois.afrinic.net
UNALLOCATED
Administered by APNIC
Amateur Radio Digital Communications
Interop Show Network
whois.ripe.net
Bell-Northern Research
Prudential Securities Inc.
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UK Government Department for Work and Pensions 1994-08
whois.ripe.net
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Inc.
Cap Debis CCS
Merck and Co., Inc.
DoD Network Information Center
US Postal Service
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
whois.arin.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
IANA - Loopback
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by APNIC
whois.apnic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by RIPE NCC
whois.ripe.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by RIPE NCC
whois.ripe.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by APNIC
whois.apnic.net
Administered by RIPE NCC
whois.ripe.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by APNIC
whois.apnic.net
Administered by AfriNIC
1993-05 whois.afrinic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by APNIC
whois.apnic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
Administered by APNIC
whois.apnic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.apnic.net
UNALLOCATED
UNALLOCATED
whois.ripe.net
UNALLOCATED
whois.apnic.net
UNALLOCATED
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.arin.net
UNALLOCATED
2007-09 whois.lacnic.net
2007-09 whois.lacnic.net
Administered by RIPE NCC
whois.ripe.net
1995-06 whois.lacnic.net
1995-06 whois.lacnic.net
Administered by LACNIC
1993-05 whois.lacnic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
Administered by AfriNIC
1993-05 whois.afrinic.net
2008-10 whois.afrinic.net
Administered by ARIN
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
2002-11 whois.lacnic.net
2003-04 whois.lacnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.arin.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.arin.net
whois.ripe.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
whois.apnic.net
UNALLOCATED
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Future use
Taken from iana.org , for more information regarding the notes field, please take a look at the hyperlinked url above.
As you can see, there are several different designations for each range. These are mainly the regional providers. There are 5 Regional Providers, AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE NCC. They cover the following areas, Africa, Asia and Pacific, North America, Latin America and the Caribbeans, Europe along with the Middle East and Central Asia, respectively.
The Internet Engineering Task Force is also a high contributor in this process, they work closely with several departments in regards to Internet Standards. Including but not limited to, W3C, ISO, IEC, and other agencies that are either governmental or not. Many of their members also currently have written several RFC technical data's.
Useful content:
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Internet Infrastructure
While the Internet is a network infrastructure compromised of several routers, hubs, gateways, switches the hardware is incredibly different then what we use. An example of a carrier-grade router below (Cisco CRS-1, Juniper MX960):
Some of these devices can route millions of packets per second and commonly have optical interfaces up through but not limited to OC-768 (~40 Gbps).
These machines use certain protocols such as Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Open Shortest First Path (OSPF) and/or Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS, yes it is still in use today) to exchange routing information between networks and varying locations.
BGP is the protocol responsible for the maintaining the majority of routing on the Internet.
These routers are typically interconnected through fiber optic line laid through cities, country sides, etc.
Just like any local network but on a larger geographical scale, ISPs also have backbone and access layer (PE or Provider Edge) implementations.
If you order a circuit or internet connection, the cabling from your location and WAN-facing interface typically makes it back to an interface on one of these devices.
For a provider, it is common to 'multiplex' (mux) enterprise grade connections into a single interface.
For example, a provider can break a T3/DS3 interface (44.736 Mbit) into 28 separate T1/DS1 (1.544 Mbit) for multiple various customers.
While these devices have implemented their own complexities, they still use the same TCP/IP protocol suite that your router at home uses to transmit and receive data.
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CPUMotherboardGraphicsGraphics&&&&RAMRAMRAMRAMG. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI &G. Skill F3-1GBPI&Hard DriveHard DriveHard DriveOptical DriveSeagate Hard Drive&Seagate Hard Drive&&Sony Optiarc&CoolingOSMonitorMonitor&&&&MonitorKeyboardPowerCaseSamsung SyncMaster 906BW 19& Monitor&&Corsair 1K PSU&Lian-Li 70A&MouseMouse PadAudioLogitech Performance MX&&HT Omega Pro+&
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Protocols, OSI and TCP/IP Layer Models, and PacketsProtocolsThe OSI ModelThe OSI Model was the original foundation of networking as it is known today. The TCP/IP layer is based off of this model. The model's full name is known as the Open Systems Interconnection imitative. There are two contributing factors to this model, the Basic Reference Model and a specific set of Protocols. The OSI Model was developed and is maintained by the International Organization for Standardization. Every layer utilizes its own unique features and brings something different to the table.
OSI Model:
Application - This layer in the OSI model, is geared specifically for functions that do not exist in the Presentation or Session layer in regards to protocol implementations. Several of these protocols include:
Bittorrent,P2P, BOOTP, DHCP, DNS, IMAP, RTP, RPC, SSH, Telnet, VTP, SMTP SMB, OSCAR (AIM), And more
This layer is present in both the OSI Model and the TCP/IP Model.
Presentation - This layer is representative of how the data is formatted, coded, and delivered. It alleivates the need for the Application layer to worry about data, syntax, conversion needs going down the model.
Common Application Service Element (CASE) - Usually, common applications are provided with a application specific element that is needed among a variety of programs. In many cases, several CASEs are used by only one application. There are four CASEs that are defined in the OSI Specification, Association Control Service Element, Remote Operations Service Element, Reliable Transfer Service Element, and Commitment, concurrence, and recovery serivce aelements. These all co-ordinate with specific responsibilities in regards to protocols.
Originally Posted by
–Association control service element (ACSE)—Creates associations between two application entities in preparation for application-to-application communication
–Remote operations service element (ROSE)—Implements a request-reply mechanism that permits various remote operations across an application association established by the ACSE
–Reliable transfer service element (RTSE)—Allows ASEs to reliably transfer messages while preserving the transparency of complex lower-layer facilities
–Commitment, concurrence, and recovery service elements (CCRSE)—Coordinates dialogues among multiple application entities.
Specific Application Service Element (SASE) - This sublayer are ASE's that provide a function used only by the corresponding application Process ID. These can include file transfer, database access, or order functions. There is a wide array of what these can provide and what they function with.
Session - The session layer is responsible for synchronizing, collaborating, establishing different streams and making sure that the information is kept on a continuing established connection. A prime example of this is when two video conferencing applications are set up and have an established connection. Say for instance you have Skype up, you see the lips moving, but the audio is two or three seconds late. The Session layer helps keep this syncronized when talking. Another prime example is when using Ventrilo, when you key up to talk, the speaker is green, however at times when you have a high ping, the speaker is yellow and it will take a couple of seconds for it to light up as green.
Transport - This layer is the basic set of rules of transporting packets to and from their destination.
Here is a comparison chart taken from
and implemented into Google Spreadsheets that shows the TCP/IP Protocols and their services and features they offer.
No Iframe Support
Again taken from
The OSI model defines five classes of connection-mode transport protocols designated class 0 (TP0) to class 4 (TP4). Class 0 contains no error recovery, and was designed for use on network layers that provide error-free connections. Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the Session Layer. All OSI connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of the classes are shown in the following table.
No Iframe Support
Network - This layer controls IP Addressing (192.168.1.1, 67.220.212.115, etc), Message Forwading, and Connection-oriented and Connectionless communication. Message forwarding is the use of a router or gateway to forward and send packets between networks. In many textbooks, and even in Cisco classes, this layer is often associated with the Internet Layer. While a helpful way to study, the classification is wrong due to the differences between protocols of the two Models. This is when the data is referred to as a Packet.
Datalink - This layer has two sublayers which are important to both Wide Area Networks, and Local Area Networks. The Data Link layer itself allows for data transfer among two adjacent networking nodes or segments. The frame can change depending on how much information the higher layers need to send or add in overhead for TCP.
Logical Link Control (LLC) - This upper sub-layer allows multiple protocols to exist within the same network, and to be allowed to flow and be transferred over the same networking media, such as an Network Interface Card. It does this using multiplexing and flow control. This layer is also responsible for error checking, if it is enabled and notified in the request.
Media Access Control (MAC)- This lower sub-layer provides physical addressing, and channel access control so that a device can communicate together while multiple devices exist. This typically is used in a Local Area Network (LAN), or Metropolitan Area Network(MAN). The addressing mechanism used here is commonly referred to as the MAC Address or the Physical Address. Since a MAC address is a unique number, there will never be two devices that have the same MAC address unless configured as such.
Physical - This layer is associated with hardware, media, signal, and transmission. The Data Unit here used is a bit, a 1 or 0. Probably by far the most complex layer for the OSI model.
The TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP Layer was created by the United States Department of Defense under the section of DARPANET. Originally evolving from the original basic internet, of which was a wide area network, called Arpanet. In most networking classes I have been in, the first word you will hear associated with this is usually the DoD or the Internet model.
TCP/IP Model:
Application Layer - Is responsible f http,e-mail, ftp, p2p, etc.
Transport Layer - This layer is responsible for directing packets, error correction, flow and segmentation control, and port addressing.
Internet Layer - Is the solution for sending data between one or more networks. This relies heavily on IP Addressing and Routing.
Hardware Layer - Converts binary code into a usable signal for traveling across medias such as Cat5e, Copper Cabling, Fiber-Optics, etc.
Dissecting a packet to Overclock.net (large image):
In Hexadecimal form, the beginning of the packet looks like this:
4b 14 d6 26 00 13
10 f9 4b 62 08 00 45 00
..K..&.. ..Kb..E.0010
05 dc 41 c7 40 00 34 06
d1 ff 43 dc d4 73 0a 0a
..A.@.4. ..C..s..0020
0a fc 00 50 05 0a 54 65
a7 c3 e6 22 0f 89 50 10
...P..Te ..."..P.0030
1e ae d5 0c 00 00 48 54
54 50 2f 31 2e 31 20 32
......HT TP/1.1 2 20 4f 4b 0d 0a 44
61 74 65 3a 20 54 75 65
00 OK..D ate: Tue 32 34 20 4e 6f 76
20 32 30 30 39 20 30 37
3a 35 31 3a 32 37 20 47
4d 54 0d 0a 53 65 72 76
:51:27 G MT..Serv 3a 20 41 70 61 63
68 65 0d 0a 58 2d 50 6f
er: Apac he..X-Po 72 65 64 2d 42 79
3a 20 50 48 50 2f 35 2e
wered-By : PHP/5.e 36 0d 0a 43 61 63
68 65 2d 43 6f 6e 74 72
1.6..Cac he-Contr00a0
6f 6c 3a 20 70 72 69 76
61 74 65 2c 20 6d 61 78
ol: priv ate, max00b0
2d 61 67 65 3d 30 0d 0a
50 72 61 67 6d 61 3a 20
-age=0.. Pragma: 00c0
70 72 69 76 61 74 65 0d
0a 58 2d 55 41 2d 43 6f
private. .X-UA-Co00d0
6d 70 61 74 69 62 6c 65
3a 20 49 45 3d 37 0d 0a
mpatible : IE=7..00e0
43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 2d
45 6e 63 6f 64 69 6e 67
Content- Encoding00f0
3a 20 67 7a 69 70 0d 0a
43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 2d
: gzip.. Content- 6e 67 74 68 3a 20
33 38 35 31 39 0d 0a 45
38519..E 69 72 65 73 3a 20
54 75 65 2c 20 32 34 20
Tue, 24 f 76 20 32 30 30 39
20 30 37 3a 35 31 3a 32
Nov :2 47 4d 54 0d 0a 43
6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 2d 54
7 GMT..C ontent-T 65 3a 20 74 65 78
74 2f 68 74 6d 6c 3b 20
ype: tex t/
61 72 73 65 74 3d
49 53 4f 2d 38 38 35 39
charset= ISO-d 31 0d 0a 0d 0a 1f 8b
08 00 00 00 00 00 00 ff
-1...... ........0170
ec bd 69 77 db d6 d5 06
fa 39 5d ab ff e1 98 69
..iw.... .9]....i 15 48 02 e0 28 5b
f2 d5 68 ab d5 54 49 1e
+'.H..([ ..h..TI.0190
da dc 2c 05 24 41 11 16
09 30 00 28 8a e9 7b ff
..,.$A.. .0.(..{.01a0
fb 7d f6 3e 00 08 90 e0
04 49 89 54 cb 19 4c 82
.}.&.... .I.T..L.01b0
38 f3 3e 7b 1e de be da
3b dd bd fc f7 d9 be e8
8.&{.... ;.......01c0
f8 bd ae 38 fb b8 73 74
b8 2b 72 4a a1 f0 59 df
...8..st .+rJ..Y.01d0
2d 14 f6 2e f7 c4 97 0f
97 c7 47 42 cd 17 c5 a5
-....... ..GB....01e0
6b d8 9e e5 5b 8e 6d 74
0b 85 fd 93 9c c8 75 7c
k...[.mt ......u|01f0
bf bf 51 28 0c 87 c3 fc
50 cf 3b ee 75 e1 f2 bc
..Q(.... P.;.u... 7d a9 d4 38 f8 a8
f8 b1 96 f9 96 df ca 6d
pG}..8.. .......m0210
fd f9 4f 6f 79 c4 bb 5e
d7 f6 36 53 fa 51 eb f5
..Ooy..^ ..6S.Q..0220
ba 6c 9e 13 2d cb dd cc
75 7d 37 27 ba 86 7d bd
.l..-... u}7'..}. 6d d9 81 69 b4 d0
d1 77 6f 5f 29 8a b0 1d
.3m..i.. .wo_)...0240
d1 34 9a 1d 53 74 f0 d4
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.4..St.. t=.(.[..c ce ef 2b e6 af 03
eb 76 33 77 e6 1a d7 3d
.,..+... .v3w...= 9a 8e ed 9b b6 bf
99 b3 1d 85 5b e6 44 21
#'...... ....[.D!0270
bd c5 fe 5d df 72 4d 2f
d6 44 51 67 be bc 4b 93
...].rM/ .DQg..K. d1 b9 eb 74 63 4d
26 47 a1 39 9b 76 6b e6
Pv...tcM &G.9.vk.0290
bc bb 96 7d 23 5c b3 bb
99 6b 1a b6 63 5b 4d 03
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bd 75 5c b3 9d d8 2c e7
d6 74 9b 5d a7 79 93 b7
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4d bf 40 93 fa d3 5b 5e
b1 6d f4 cc cd 1c 7e b5
M.@...[^ .m....~.02c0
da 23 e5 16 d3 8d 96 5b
e9 fd fd a6 5b 18 5c de
.#.....[ ....[.\\.02d0
1c 7d fe 62 9e 79 d7 e7
7a d1 fe a7 dd 1a 7e dc
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6b d5 ea e7 95 ff f4 ad
d3 ae f5 f9 e2 e4 d3 4d
k....... .......M02f0
73 33 27 e8 a0 a6 b6 90
56 87 ad 53 2e 47 7d 33
s3'..... V..S.G}30300
d6 b3 6f de f9 05 3a d5
37 a2 d9 31 5c cf f4 37
..o...:. 7..1\\..7f 4e 95 5a ad 5c 0f
37 2c 3e b9 6b d3 36 5d
./N.Z.\\. 7,&.k.6]0320
c3 77 70 ac d1 e4 6e 77
06 dd ae e9 5b b6 d0 f3
.wp...nw ....[...0330
b5 7c 49 ee 72 38 05 b9
a6 1b 73 34 74 dc 56 fc
.|I.r8.. ..s4t.V. 5d b0 ec eb f5 e8
cb f8 93 68 3b ee a0 17
8.]..... ...h;...0350
fb de 74 7a fd 81 6f 62
64 3a f2 f8 a4 5a a6 d7
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t.&.ylZ. ......?.f 1d df 6c 09 df 11
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2o..l... =...Y..o b0 6f ba 18 b2 67
d8 4d 53 38 6d 71 ed 1a
&`.o...g .MS8mq..0390
fd 8e d5 f4 00 a1 98 f8
ba d8 3d fb 88 ff f7 1c
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bc ea 36 1c f9 ec 7c fb
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c0 53 0b 17 af 65 8a 91....L.5 .S...e..03c0
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d4 12 de 29 fc f9 4f 0d
ko.3q..! ...)..O.0420
a7 35 fa f3 9f fe 8b 9b
d9 30 9a 37 d7 2e ad 60
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37 78 dc 74 ba 8e 8b 27
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51 ef fb 02 cb 6f 19 b6
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37 7c f7 d6 02 1e 34 5b
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3f 98 f3 86 d1 f4 ad 5b
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4a a5 62 51 8e 94 ef 1b
3l...... J.bQ....04d0
d7 e6 6a 5b 89 b5 f8 98
98 df 59 17 7d 6c 9e 25
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5b 3f c2 fe 62 a0 bc df
c0 4d 34 dd 94 19 56 6a
[?..b... .M4...Vj04f0
d5 52 4d a7 bd 0e 77 b0
c8 7f e8 89 6c 04 78 c1
.RM...w. ....l.x.0500
c1 78 4e d7 6a c5 60 83
7b 6d 1a 7e 4a 97 e8 70
.xN.j.`. {m.~J..p0510
67 bb 1c ef f2 80 ff d0
13 b9 be 86 d3 6d 3d 2c
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.....I.. ..\\...a. d2 32 9b 0e 90 1b
d0 c8 06 50 bc 6d 62 92
n..2.... ...P.mb.0540
b1 be 22 f8 09 ba 4b 05
a0 95 7a 0c e0 8b fb 8b
.."...K. ..z..... d0 7f 2a 98 1d 1c
54 2a b4 77 53 f3 c5 75
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94 03 29 97 ca 66 a5 b5
5],7.4.. ..)..f..0570
f0 40 54 ba 80 0f 76 ad
79 17 69 42 b1 23 a1 af
.@T...v. y.iB.#.. 12 c1 47 bc 51 6c
ef 65 bb d4 cd 4f 6d 1a
ig..G.Ql .e...Om. 30 7e 78 97 f3 40
e4 34 83 19 db 7c 70 10
mr0~x..@ .4...|p.05a0
9e 7e db 71 d2 20 7b 7c
35 c2 cb 92 1c 9e 9a c5
.~.q. {| 5.......05b0
96 4b 5f 17 2f 37 68 14
5b ae 6c b7 c4 72 83 a6
.K_./7h. [.l..r..05c0
d1 72 83 ef e3 e5 ca 9e
66 2c 97 a1 8a 76 dc e8
.r...... f,...v..05d0
fa ea ba e0 bf b6 19 eb
a5 c0 d0 41 99 fe 89 c3
........ ...A....05e0
50 b4 19 41 17 9a ec 42
P..A...B ..
Now, you may be thinking that later stuff just looks like a bunch of jibberish, when will .@T...v. ever be used in a transmission? Well, surprisingly, that is all a part of the TCP Segment data. Which contains the data transmission of the website. This is only a part of dozens of packets, each one has its similarities and differences.Edited by Lige - 3/7/10 at 8:09pm
(23 items)
CPUMotherboardGraphicsGraphics&&&&RAMRAMRAMRAMG. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI &G. Skill F3-1GBPI&Hard DriveHard DriveHard DriveOptical DriveSeagate Hard Drive&Seagate Hard Drive&&Sony Optiarc&CoolingOSMonitorMonitor&&&&MonitorKeyboardPowerCaseSamsung SyncMaster 906BW 19& Monitor&&Corsair 1K PSU&Lian-Li 70A&MouseMouse PadAudioLogitech Performance MX&&HT Omega Pro+&
(23 items)
CPUMotherboardGraphicsGraphics&&&&RAMRAMRAMRAMG. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI &G. Skill F3-1GBPI&Hard DriveHard DriveHard DriveOptical DriveSeagate Hard Drive&Seagate Hard Drive&&Sony Optiarc&CoolingOSMonitorMonitor&&&&MonitorKeyboardPowerCaseSamsung SyncMaster 906BW 19& Monitor&&Corsair 1K PSU&Lian-Li 70A&MouseMouse PadAudioLogitech Performance MX&&HT Omega Pro+&
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Things to consider when you have Internet Problems
Taken from
thread with procpuarie's permission.DSL:
Have you connected the modem straight to your computer?
Do you have DSL line filters connected to all your phones running on the same phone line?
Is the telephone cable connecting your DSL modem to your phone jack less then six (6) feet long? Does it have any bare wires or damage?
How far away are you from your central office (click )? Is it more then four (4) kilometers (2.5 miles)?
Do you live in an older area (older homes/telephone infrastructure)?
Is the telephone wiring poor in your house?
Have you connected the modem straight to your computer?
Is your modem connected to a coax splitter or smiler device?
Do you have a coax filter connected to your modem (or any line your modem runs through)?
Is the coax cable connected to your modem free of any bare wires or damage?
Is the modem of the correct version of DOCSIS for your line speed?
Is the coax wiring poor in your house?
Solutions to Common ProblemsInternet Connectivity
Problem: You recently hooked up a router or new computer to your modem and your internet browser does not load pages.
Answer: Have you tried power-cycling your modem? Unplug the modem for thirty seconds, after thirty seconds plug it back in, depending on if you are running windows XP or Windows Vista/7 click Repair or Diagnose. Alternative you can use the cmd command:
ipconfig /releaseipconfig /renew
Or restart the computer.
__________________________________________________
Problem: You can currently connect to AIM, Skype, IRC, however you can not connect to websites.
Answer: There are several resolutions to this. You can reset the cable modem hoping that this attempts to fix the problem. You can reset the TCP/IP stack in Windows XP/Vista/7 using this command:
Windows XP:
This command allows you to output all actions to a log that will be saved on the C:\\ drive.
netsh int ip reset c:\
esetlog.txtnetsh winsock reset catalog
You could also use the program located .
Windows Vista/7:
netsh winsock reset (make sure you are elevated or have disabled UAC)
For more information about the Windows netsh command, please read up on it .
If you have done all the following, or if you can use another internet source such as a school, a neighbor (with their permission), etc, then it is most likely your ISP and something on their end. The only thing you can do in that instance is wait. The website/server could be down and not loading for anyone. If that is the case, I would try this site: .
__________________________________________________
Problem: Your game can not connect to a server, or you are having a hard time getting a game or application to work with the internet.
Answer: You may need to set up port forwarding for the specific application.
has the most complete guides for games and applications and video game consoles. It is very easy, first choose your routers brand/model, and then wait or click through the advertisement, then select the program, game, or video game console you want to setup and then follow their guide.
As far as I am aware, they do not provide support for third-party firmware such as, DD-WRT, Tomato, pfsense, untangled, etc.
__________________________________________________Networking Connectivity
Problem: You are trying to turn your Wireless Home Router into a Wireless Access Point to extend range. Whatever reason though, you are having issues setting it up.Answer: Most home routers can normally be set up as limited, or complete Wireless Access Points. How do you do this you ask? Look below.
Thanks to Enterprise for his picture
Log into your router using it's IP address. You can accomplish this by going to your browser. Finding the URL Bar, and inputting it there.
You will then be prompted for a username and password. These differ for each firmware, and model/manufacturer of router. So read the manual for instructions in this case.
You will be prompted with this screen (Looks similar in almost all instances for Linksys routers)
You should see Internet Connection Type for most routers, this should either be left as is or set to disabled if that is an option.
For the Local IP Address, change it to something outside of the DHCP Range of your current router. So, if Router 1 has a DHCP Range of 50 Addresses, and it starts at 192.168.1.100 any IP range from 192.168.1.2 to 192.168.1.99 will work.
Now, go to the Security Tab and disable the Firewall so that it has the following items disabled:
Thank you coldrush for the below picture.
Now, finally go into your NAT/QoS tab. You will need to disable any port forwarding, UPnP, or Quality Of Service you have set up.
Now, go to the Wireless tab. And put the SSID that you want to repeat.
So, for example, say Router 1's Wireless SSID is ABCDEFG, and you want to extend it's range on Router 2. Go to the Wireless tab on Router 2 and use the Wireless SSID as ABCDEFG. Make sure that you don't use the same Wireless Channel, on both routers, or there will be errors/issues with being able to connect. Preferably, you always want to use channels seperate from each other, so, Router 1 is broadcasting on Channel 1, you would preferably want Router 2 to broadcast on Channel 11. If you have three or more routers, you would want to rotate the channel broadcasting, Router 1 broadcasting on channel 1, Router 2 broadcasting on channel 6, Router 3 broadcasting on channel 11, Router 4 broadcasting on Channel 1, and so on.
Third-party firmware, such as DD-WRT, or Tomato, have guides already written out on how to accomplish this. Listed
(DD-WRT) is a decent one already written on how to configure a DD-WRT enabled router to become a Wireless Access Point.
__________________________________________________Mr. Nude_Lewd_Man's troubleshooting guide for xDSL and Virgin Media (as attached in a post below) How to troubleshoot Internet Connection Issues with xDSL
Written by: Nude_Lewd_Man, 16 Dec 09 Description of why you would be performing this task:
A user can’t access the internet.Procedures and steps
1. Check what type of connection the user has to their ‘router’. Most of the following relate to modem/router/firewall/switch combination devices, and although most can also be replicated for other xDSL connections, those who use Virgin Media (formerly NTL or Telewest) or 3G USB dongles have different steps.
2. Ask the user to PING the router. Get them to go Start & Run & type “cmd” & [Enter] & type “ipconfig” & [Enter] & note the “Gateway” address & type “PING &router IP&” [Enter]. Also ask them to PING an external IP – you can ping a site from your computer and give them the IP for them to “PING &IP&” [Enter]…
3. While they’re doing this, try to connect onto their computer, if you can connect then it is likely to be a DNS issue. It is also advisable to check whether they are connected by wirelessly or with an ethernet/network cable.
4. If you can’t connect, ask them to go to the router. Get them to tell you which lights are flashing, and what colour the lights are. Bear in mind that normally only one of the &number& lights will blink (in orange on ZyXELs) per computer that has an active wired connection.
5. If there is no blinking LED for the internet light, ask them to turn the router off, wait 10 seconds and power it back up again. This normally takes around 1-3 minutes to get back to full operational state. (For USB xDSL modems, get the user to remove the USB cable from their computer for 10 seconds)
6. Ask them to keep you updated with which you mainly want to know about the DSL/Internet LED. This is likely to flicker up green at first, if it goes orange this points towards there being an issue.
7. A lot of, but not all, users should have a (analogue) handset in their location, as them to pick this up and let you know whether there is a dial tone. It is a good idea to get the user to confirm that there is a ‘ADSL Filter’ in place: there needs to be on between each wall (phone) socket and any telecommunication device – voicemail, Sky (TV) boxes can all count, as do some ‘monitored’ alarms.
8. If there isn’t a dial tone, or if the line has a lot of noise/crackle, then this points to an issue with the line. If there is a tone but it is noisy, check whether there is a spare filter and ask them to swap this with the one currently in use, then try the line again.
9. If there isn’t a dial tone, or if the line is still noisy/crackly after changing the filter, this needs to be taken up with BT. Check
for contact details, and get in touch. If there is no dial tone, this could be that the bill hasn’t been paid or that there is an infrastructure fault – the latter needs to be dealt with by BT OpenReach.
10. If there is no (unusual) noise, you can test how far the connection can get by using some special credentials, but this would need to be done on site (unless they have access into the router’s configuration pages). These credentials follow. Ensure you have the user take down their Login Name (paste into Notepad/etc) before getting them to change it in the router.
No Iframe Support
The credentials above can only access a VERY limited number of pages, which are listed here: () ()As a brief explanation of the above see the image below:How to troubleshoot Internet Connection Issues with Virgin Media
Written by: Nude_Lewd_Man, 16 Dec 09 Description of why you would be performing this task: A user can’t access the internet. Procedures and steps
Virgin doesn’t use xDSL, but can provide digital television through their single cable to the property. The internet will/can also be carried thr connection is made by the cable modem to the Virgin Media servers/network directly and there is no password on the internet account.
As in step 2 above, get the user to ensure that they have a (valid) IP address, and get them to PING their gateway IP address. Again, it is a good idea to give them the IP of an internet site (that allows PING replies) to test the connection.
Below is an image of a Virgin Cable Modem. It should have the “power”, “enet”, “sync” and “ready” lights on. If any of these lights aren’t on, then this will need to be restarted. If the user has this and also a firewall/switch/WAP between their computer and the cable modem, then this normally/often needs to be restarted too. If they connect their computer directly to this box, then disconnect the network cable.
If it does need to be restarted, then power down the cable modem and any firewall/switch device connected to it. After about 30 seconds, they can restart the cable modem.
While the cable modem is starting up, the lights will flicker and go off. Once the “sync” light has stabilised (to permanently on) and then the “ready” light has done the same, the user should then start any other device/s that were powered down, before finally restarting/reconnecting any other computers/devices. (The reason for this is that (in the past at least) Virgin/NTL/Telewest used to ‘lock down’ their connections to the MAC address of the first device after the cable modem.)
If the “sync” and/or “ready” light don’t go on, or aren’t constant, then the user will need to get in touch with Virgin Media. They should be able to dial 150 (from their Virgin Media telephone), otherwise their contact details should be found on their website
Edited by Lige - 8/8/10 at 10:13pm
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If anyone has anything they would like included in the Networking or Internet Connectivity issues, please feel free to comment or drop me a PM of what you want added. I will do my best to make it understanding and comprehensible for all.
Feel free to comment, I do realize that the Internet Infrastructure was not very well explained. I am currently looking through several material to expand on that further.
Hope you enjoy reading it, if you can understand it.
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CPUMotherboardGraphicsGraphics&&&&RAMRAMRAMRAMG. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI&G. Skill F3-1GBPI &G. Skill F3-1GBPI&Hard DriveHard DriveHard DriveOptical DriveSeagate Hard Drive&Seagate Hard Drive&&Sony Optiarc&CoolingOSMonitorMonitor&&&&MonitorKeyboardPowerCaseSamsung SyncMaster 906BW 19& Monitor&&Corsair 1K PSU&Lian-Li 70A&MouseMouse PadAudioLogitech Performance MX&&HT Omega Pro+&
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