英文合同导读_甜梦文库
英文合同导读
英文合同导读 作者：王辉 出处：法律顾问网? 涉外 www.flguwen.com 17:03:23 时间：英文合同导读 王辉 目录 第一章英文合同概述(General Introduction)..............................................................................................1 第一节合同与协议：(Contract and Agreement)................................................................................1 第二节合同的种类与名称（Categories and Titles）........................................................................2 第二章英文合同的特色（Features of English Contracts）.......................................................................4 第一节篇章结构特点（Text Structure）...........................................................................................5 第二节用词特点 （Wording）....................................................................................................... ...12 第三节句式结构特点（Sentence Structure）..................................................................................18 第四节时态特点 (Tense)................................................................................................................ ....21 第三章英文合同中常见的用词及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns）..............................23 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1)............................................................................................23 第二节英语合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns)...........................................................................39 第三节合同各部分常用例句与用词................................................................................................44 第四章英文合同一般条 款........................................................................................................................ 47 第一节定义条款（Definition Clauses）..........................................................................................47 第二节合同转让条款（Assignment Clauses）...............................................................................48 第三节完整合同与修改（Entire Agreement/Modification to be in writing）................................49 第四节保证与担保条款（Indemnification and Warranty）............................................................51 第五节解除与终止条款（Rescission and Termination）................................................................52 第六节违约条款（Default Clauses）..............................................................................................54 第七节争议解决条款（Dispute Resolution）.................................................................................56 第八节不可抗力条款（Force Majeure）........................................................................................59 第九节杂项条款 （Miscellaneous）.............................................................................................. ...60 第五章英文合同特殊条款(Special Clauses)............................................................................................62 第一节保密条款 （Confidentiality）.............................................................................................. ..62 第二节保险条款 （Insurance）..................................................................................................... ...63 第三节竞业禁止条款 （Non-competition）.....................................................................................63第四节不形成聘用等关系条款(No Constitution of Employment, etc.)..........................................63 第五节所有权和风险条款（Risk of loss and title）.......................................................................64 第六章英文合同导读范例(Model Contract for Reading Guidance)......................................................65 附录(Schedule )：合同术语 CONTRACT TERMINOLOGY..................................................................85 主要参考书目 (Bibliography)...................................................................................................... ...............88 1 第一章英文合同概述(General Introduction) In view of all this, we are making a binding agreement, putting it in writing, and our leaders, our Levites and our priests are affixing their seals to it.（Nehemiah BIBLE NIV） 因这一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签 了名。【尼西米】《圣经》新国际版 合同，古称契约（港台现仍多用此语），&契&者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁 等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。古代典籍中常见此语，《易? 系辞》就有&后时 圣人易之以书契。& &约&者即共同商定的事,共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约、条 约等。《三国演义》中就有&昔高祖约法三章,黎民皆感其德。& 而西方在早在〈〈圣经〉〉中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。挪 亚方舟就是籍着上帝与挪亚的契约而建造的：But with thee will I e and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons'''' wives with thee. （但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿子、妻子和 儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。） 第一节合同与协议：(Contract and Agreement) 而在现代英语合同中，合同一般成为 Contract，协议一般称为 Agreement。那 么 Contract 和 Agreement 是一回事吗？他们之间又有什么关系呢？《中华人民 共和国民法通则》第 85 条规定：&合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系 的协议&（A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship）。《中华人民共和国合同法》第二条规定：&合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民 事权利义务关系的协议&（Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations）。 美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编定义合同为：&合同乃为一个允诺或一组允诺。 违反此一允诺时，法律给予救济；或其允诺之履行，法律在某些情况下视之为一 项义务。 & （A contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.） （Restatement，Second, Contracts, Section 1）这一 定义在 Steven H. Gifts 编著的 Law Dictionary 被完全引述. 但一般而言， Contract，乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所 为一组具有法律约束力之允诺。（A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.(G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd ed. 1992) 这一表述在 L.B. Curzon 编撰的 Dictionary of Law 中概括为&A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations.& Chris Turner 在其编撰的 Contract Law 中定义的更为 具体明了&A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum.&即合同就是对合同方具有法律上约束力， 可由法院或其他同等 管辖地强制执行的协议。 至于 agreement，L.B. Curzon 的 Dictionary of Law 定义为：&Ａ consensus of minds, or evidence of such consensus, in spoken or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.&是对已做和待做的有关事宜以口头或书面形式做 出的相同意思表示或该意思表示的证据。 Black's Law Dictionary 给 Agreement 下了两个定义：一个是&a concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performances,&即双方或多方就某些过去或将来事实或相关权利、义务或权利义 务的履行而达成一致的理解和愿望。另一个是&The consent of two or more persons concurring 1 respecting the transmission of some property, right, or benefits, with the viewof contracting an obligation, a mutual obligation.&即两个或多个当事人，为了约 定单方责任或相互责任，就财产、权利、利益的移转取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和 Agreement(协议)到底能不能相互替换呢？让我们来看看英文 合同相关书籍和词典的说法。Chris Turner 在其 Contract Law 中是这样阐述合 同的成立：&There are three key ingredients to formation (of contracts): agreement-based on mutuality over the terms, agreement exists when a valid acceptance f consideration-given by both sides, the quid pro quo, and the proof tha intention to create legal relations-since a contract is legally enforceable, unlike mere gratuitous promises. 即合同成立的三个要件：协议（基于要约与承诺形成对条款的相互一 致而存在） 、 约因 （双方付出的对价及对价存在的证据） 和设立法律关系的意愿。 （合同具有法律上的执行力，不同于纯粹的无偿赠予的允诺）这里也是用 agreement 来解释 contract 的，认为 contract（合同）是一种符合一定条件的 agreement（协议）。 在英语法律用语中虽然多用&agreement&来解释&contract&，其实也有偶用 &contract&解释&agreement&的情形，如：Agreement,…(2) A contract (The Law Dictionary) 甚至有在同一句中交替使用的实例，如：If the contract contains an innocent mistake, you can get out of the agreement if the mistake is important. (What Should I Know About Contracts, The State Bar of California, 2 Edi. 1984), 还有更为明确的：Agreement. Synonym for Contract (Robert LeRoy & Kenneth A. Buths, Business Law and Taxes, &Glossary&, 1984) 综上所述，我们不难看出，汉语的法律用语仅用协议来解释合同，而英语的法律 用语往往不很严格，多用 Agreement 解释 Contract, 但也有用 Contract 解释 Agreement 的情形, 虽说大多情况 Contract 与 Agreement 有所区别，有时候两 者可以作为同义词互换使用。 作为具有法律意义的正式文件，两者性质上是一样 的，但就广义的协议和合同来讲，还是有区别的： 从内容、条款上看，合同较为具体、详尽，着眼于微观，而协议则较为原则、粗 疏， 致力于宏观。 实践中往往合作方就某一项目达成协议对有关原则问题作出约 定，然后在此基础上签订合同，再全面明确各项具体的细节。 从涉及范围上看， 合同的标的往往比较单一集中， 也很明确； 通常都是一事一议， 就事论事， 而协议的标的往往比较广泛；一项大型项目的协议往往包括或分解成 若干个具体的合同。 从书写格式上看，合同已基本格式化了，大家可以看到许多的合同范本；而协议的格式相对灵活一些，没有什么固定的格式。 而狭义的协议和合同并无分别，只是用语上和习惯上的称呼而已。 第二节合同的种类与名称（Categories and Titles） 一份英文法律文件, 到底是不是英文合同, 就要看它的内容是否符合合同的要 求。 一般而言合同不外乎包括人、 事、 时、 地、 物五大要素， 也就是 4W1H (Who, When, Where, What, How),如果你手上的文件内容包括了这五项要素而且签署 生效，该文件就应该具有了合同的性质，而不论它是以何面目出现的。常见的英 文合同名称可分为以下四大类： 一、合同、协议（C Agreement） 文件名称直接标明&Contract&或&Agreement&是最常见的英文合同。 《中华人民共 和国》 第九章到第二十三章就合同种类作了概括， 它们分别是买卖合同； 供用电、 水、气、热力合同；赠与合同；借款合同；租赁合同；融资租赁合同；承揽合同； 建设工程合同；运输合同；技术合同；保管合同；仓储合同；委托合同；行纪合 同；居间合同等十五大类。（Sales Contracts, Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas or Heat, Donation Contracts, Loan Contracts, Leasing Contracts, Financial Leasing Contract, 2 Work-for-hire Contracts, Construction Project Contracts, Carriage Contracts, Technology Contracts, Safe-keeping Contracts, Warehousing Contracts, Agency Appointment Contracts, Commission Agency Contracts, Brokerage Contracts） 而常见的协议有委托代理协议（Agency Agreement）、合伙协议( Partnership Agreement、股份转让协议(Shares Assignment Agreement)、保密协议 (Confidentiality Agreement)、竞业禁止协议(Non-compete Agreement)、聘用协 议（Employment Agreement）等等。 二、意向书（Letter of Intent） 文件名称如果标明&Letter of Intent&, &Memorandum of Understanding&(简称 MOU, 通常翻译为谅解备忘录)，甚至只称为&Memorandum&（简称 Memo，通 常称之为备忘录）。另外，也有标明&Minute of Talks&(即会谈纪要)。 这些法律文件往往是当事人双方在商洽合作中形成的，可以称之为准合同文件， 虽然，从名称上看，它们似乎不是合同或者协议，但这些法律文件，如果经当事 人签订，即具有一定的法律约束力。甚至，由于没有形成正式的合同或协议，而 径直依据这些文件而进行实质的合作，使之具有合同或协议的性质。那就是说，合同的效力不能被其名称所拘束，如果上述的法律文件，其中完整明确地记载了 交易的条款，当事人如果依据该条款内容履行，双方也能达成交易目的。那么这 份法律文件就应当视为双方的合同或者协议。 三、契约（Covenant, Indenture, Deed, Compact，Protocol） 英文合同还有一些约定俗成的名称。 Covenant, 主要指不动产转让的合同或证明 文件，英文合同如果基于传统英美法对价的存在，也会用到这个词, 表示双方达 成的契约。如：In consideration of mutual premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: Indenture 通常也是指不动产转 让的契约文件， Deed 一般指地契、房契， Compact 多用于国家间的协定、协议。 Protocol, 通常翻译为草约或者议定书，往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据。经 双方签字后，即受其约束，对草约内容承担法律责任，如果需要补充、修改、完 善，双方还会签订补充的协议。 四、其他书函（L W G Power of Attorney） 英文合同有时候非常简短， 形式上就像信函一样， 姑且称之为书函类的英文合同， 常常用&Letter&（函），&Waiver&（弃权书），&Guaranty&（保证书），&Power of Attorney&（委托书）等简单明确的字眼作为合同的名称。相对于&Agreement&或 &Contract&类的合同，书函类的合同一般具有补充或附属的性质，而且经常出现 在&Agreement&或&Contract&类合同的附件中。 当然书函类的合同对双方当事人也 有完全的拘束力。 例如：甲公司向乙银行贷款，由丙公司做担保人，通常甲公司与乙银行会签署一 份总协议（General Agreement），做为双方往来的主要依据，再由丙公司签署 一份保证书（Guaranty）给乙银行，而乙银行每次拨款时，会发出一份授信书 （Credit Letter 或 Facility Letter）给甲公司，授信书上会载明授信额度，作为甲 公司申请拨款的依据。由本例中三份合同可以看出，General Agreement 系授信 的主要依据，甲公司和丙银行间的权利义务关系主要由 General Agreement 来 规范，而 Guaranty 及 Credit Letter 均为附属在 General Agreement 架构下的小 合同。丙公司因签署了 Guaranty，因此对乙银行负有保证义务，乙银行因为签 署了 Credit Letter，因此对甲公司就发生了拨款的义务。 本书撰写的方式，是针对名称为&Agreement（狭义）&或&Contract&类型的合同文 件做阅读方法的说明， 其原因即在于此类文件的合同结构复杂而内容完整，读者 若能掌握阅读此类合同的要领， 阅读其它类型的英文合同时自然就&No Problem& 没问题了。 3第二章英文合同的特色（Features of English Contracts） Form follows function. --motto of the Bauhaus school of architecture 形式服从功能 --鲍豪斯建筑学院校训 与基础英语相比，作为专业性极强的语言，英文合同的用语不同于日常语言，具 有显著的特点。首先，句子冗长而且复杂、似乎总也找不到句号，用词偏僻，晦 涩难读，不易理解。其次，英文合同中往往沿用拉丁语，法律术语，跟中文的文 言文似的，着实是佶屈聱牙，令人痛苦不堪。再次，由于属于专业英语的范畴， 英语合同必然涉及法律方面理解，阅读者除了语言本身的能力外，对于法律也应 具备一定的素质。这是所有专业英语的共性，就是需相应的专业知识，这方面本 文恕不多言。下面就是 Plain English Campaign（直白英语运动）组织所遇到的 最长的英文合同的句子，有兴趣的读者不妨看看到底是什么意思：In the event that the Purchaser defaults in the payment of any installment of purchase price, taxes, insurance, interest, or the annual charge described elsewhere herein, or shall default in the performance of any other obligations set forth in this Contract, the Seller may: at his option: (a) Declare immediately due and payable the entire unpaid balance of purchase price, with accrued interest, taxes, and annual charge, and demand full payment thereof, and enforce conveyance of the land by termination of the contract or according to the terms hereof, in which case the Purchaser shall also be liable to the Seller for reasonable attorney''s fees for services rendered by any attorney on behalf of the Seller, or (b) sell said land and premises or any part thereof at public auction, in such manner, at such time and place, upon such terms and conditions, and upon such public notice as the Seller may deem best for the interest of all concerned, consisting of advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the security property is located at least once a week for Three (3) successive weeks or for such period as applicable law may require and, in case of default of any purchaser, to re-sell with such postponement of sale or resale and upon such public notice thereof as the Seller may determine, and upon compliance by the Purchaser with the terms of sale, and upon judicial approval as may be required by law, convey said land and premises in fee simple to and at the cost of the Purchaser, whoshall not be liable to see to the application o and from the proceeds of the sale: First to pay all proper costs and charges, including but not limited to court costs, advertising expenses, auctioneer''s allowance, the expenses, if any required to correct any irregularity in the title, premium for Seller''s bond, auditor''s fee, attorney''s fee, and all other expenses of sale occurred in and about the protection and execution of this contract, and all moneys advanced for taxes, assessments, insurance, and with interest thereon as provided herein, and all taxes due upon said land and premises at time of sale, and to retain as compensation a commission of five percent (5%) on the amount o SECOND, to pay the whole amount then remaining unpaid of the principal of said contract, and interest thereon to date of payment, whether the same shall be due or not, it being understood and agreed that upon such sale before maturity of the contract the balance thereof shall be immedia THIRD, to pay liens of record against the security property according to their priority of lien and to the extent that funds remaining in the hands of the S and LAST, to pay the remainder of said proceeds, if any, to the vendor, his heirs, personals representatives, successors or assigns upon the delivery and surrender to the vendee of possession of the land and premises, less costs and excess of obtaining possession. 4 因此， 国外， 特别是美国要求法律文件的格式和语言应当现代化的呼声愈来愈强 烈。Robert E. Swindle 早在美国 1980 年出版的 The Business Communicator 一书中就写到： & ... legal and quasilegal documents can and are being written in everyday language. Several leading companies are rewriting their legal forms voluntarily, and the State of New York recently passed a law requiring that businesses write consumer contracts in nontechnical language. Additionally, the President of the United States has directed all administrative agencies to write future regulations in what he termed plain English for a change.& 大意是 说法律和准法律性文件能用日常语言书就，而且人们也正在这样做。几家大公司 自愿重新起草他们的法律文书， 纽约州最近也通过一项法律，要求商业企业用非 术语草拟消费者合同。 另外， 美国总统下令所有行政机构在出台将来的规定时要 用他所称的直白英语进行变革。而在英国也有一个成立了 25 年的 Plain EnglishCampaign（直白英语运动）组织致力于各种公文的直白英语化，而反对各种官 样文章（gobbledygook）。1999 年英国颁布实施的消费者不公平术语法（Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations）也要求消费者合同的术语必须用直 白明了的语言（plain and intelligible language）,该法也要求这些术语必须是易 读的，意味着要用清晰的设计和排印（clear design and typography）。类似的 法律也在欧盟的国家适用。 但 Law Dictionary 的作者 Steven H. Gifts 在该字典的前言中感叹到&…the special language of the law remains a barrier to nonlawyers. To the extent that this promotes the economic health of the profession, maintains its aura, and prevent unauthorized practice of the law, it may be regarded as a virtue.& 大意 是说，法律专业语言对律师以外的人士来讲，仍然是一道壁垒。从促进行业经济 的健康发展， 保留行业特点和防止未经授权进行律师执业等方面考虑，可以把这 种语言壁垒看作是一种行业优势。 作为非英美法系的非英语国家，面对加入 WTO，全球经济一体化的严峻挑战， 我们应该怎样应对纷繁复杂的英文法律文件和语言呢？尽管 Plain English（直 白）似乎是大势所趋，但万事都有个渐变的过程，长年累月沉淀下来的习惯不是 一下就能改变的。拿来主义某种意义上，是必须的，所以我们首先还是应该先通 晓传统的英语合同格式和用语， 在精通的基础上，才能谈得上根据实际情况进行 进一步的格式和用语方面的改革，取其精华，去其糟粕，当然，这需要一个漫长 的过程。以下就针对英文合同的特色分别从篇章结构、用词、句式结构以及时态 四大方面进行说明： 第一节篇章结构特点（Text Structure） 一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题（Title）、前言(Preamble)、正文 (Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分。「标 题」在开宗明义地显示合同的性质；「前言」是用最简单的说明，大略介绍合同 订立的背景； 「正文」里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的具体条款，包括不 论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款；[附录]构成对前述合同正文条款作必要的 补充。 （不是所有合同都有该部分）最后「结尾」则是当事人签名前的一段文字， 为整份合同画上完满的句号。以下分别就此五部分进行说明。 一、合同的标题（Title） 英文合同和中文合同都一样， 标题并不是一定要有的，因为当事人间的法律关系 是用合同内容的各个条款来判断，标题基本上不会产生任何影响。但为方便辨识 的考虑， 合同撰写人通常都会依照合同性质，在合同首页的最上方给予一个适当的标题。在第一章的英文合同名称中已有介绍，在此不再赘述，仅补充 Confirmation(确认书)，Order(定单)经常也会出现在简易的合同中。 5 二、合同的前言(Preamble) 英文合同在标题之后，各式各样的条款出现之前，通常会先有一段「前言」，也 称序言、导言、总则等。前言一般不会占去太多的篇幅，目的在于很简略地介绍 合同内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景，让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的正文 前，先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。 详细来说，前言通常又分作以下两个段落： 第一部份文字叫做&Parties& ，也就是合同的「开场白」(Commencement)，内 容在说明当事人姓名或名称、 国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期包 括各自在合同中的简称等等。 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES) EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the &Company&), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the &Employee&), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at _____________. 本聘用协议于___年_月_日签订，双方当事人为： 依_州法律组织设立的________公司(以下简称本公司) ， 主营业地为_______， 与 ___国籍的____ (护照号码: _____)(以下简称雇员), 居住于 _________________。 & by and between 要表示合同是由哪些当事人所订定，英文中通常会说&This Agreement is made by and between...&，用&by&来表示合同「由谁订定」，&between&来表示「谁与 谁之间的订立」。如果当事人不只两个，也可以用&by and among&来代替。 & organized and existing 合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍，在自然人的情况下可以用&a national of ...& 或&an individual with the nationality of ...&来表示，如果是法人组织多半使用 &organized and existing under the laws of ...&这样的字眼，其中&organized&也可以用&incorporated&来代替。 & registered office &registered office&是指一个公司的「注册所在地」，它和&principal office& 或& principal place of business&即「主营业地」并不一定位于同一个地方。 第二部份叫做&Recitals&，是由数个以&Whereas&字样开头的句子所组合而成（这 些句子俗称为&Whereas Clauses& 即鉴于条款）。&Whereas&的本义是&When in fact&、&considering that&、或&that being the case&的意思，所以&Whereas Clauses&就表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实 （例如订约的目的、 背景、 原由等） 的共同认识，订立此合同。以下是一个补偿贸易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）的 Whereas Clauses，很简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。 WITNESSETH Whereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B's manufacturing of steel wire rope, and is willing to sell to Party A the ma and Whereas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and 6 equipment Party B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, and Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, and Whereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the price of Party B's ma Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 兹证明(通常不译) 鉴于乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备，愿向甲方出售该机械设备； 鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品， 钢丝绳来补偿该 机械设备的价款； 鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备； 鉴于甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款； 因此，基于上述诸点认识双方特立契约，约定如下： 紧接在一串 whereas clauses 之后， 会出现类似上例中的&Now Therefore, ……:&这样一句话， 目的在提醒阅读合同的人，真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条 款在这句话之后就要开始了，也就是说，这句话（一般称为&operative part&）是 前言与正文之间过渡的桥梁， 在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述，在此之后则为关 于交易关系的实体约定。 例如： Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下： 三、正文(Hanbendum) 正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称为 Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样 的正文条款是合同中最核心的部份，也是篇幅最大的部份，与当事人的权利义务 关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。 本书拟将英文合同中的正文条款分为两类：「特殊条款」与「一般条款」。所谓 「特殊条款」 指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款，例如劳动合 同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款，但是买卖同就不会有这些约定。反过 来说，买卖合同中一般要记载交易标的、交易条件等等条款，在劳动合同中就不 会出现。 相对于「特殊条款」的所谓「一般条款」，指的是不论合同性质如何，几乎所有 的合同中都会记载的条款，例如管辖法院的约定、违约条款等等，将于第四章中 详细介绍，在此亦不赘述。 四、附录（Schedule） 附录也称 Addendum, Annex 或 Exhibit，也有用 Attachment, List 或 Table 表示 的。附录部分作为对正文条款的补充，不是所有英文合同都有的一项。以下就是 一份聘用协议的附录，对该公司聘用的经理职责作出补充说明： THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO 1．To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company 2． To attend personally during the usual hours of business and to supervise and control the business and to 7 be accessible to customers and employees of the Company. 3． To keep the usual books of account. 4． To pay daily all money received in the business into the Company''''s bank account. 5． Generally to protect the interests of the Company.上文提及的附录是指： 1． 管理，维持并促进公司的经营 2． 亲自参与公司的日常经营，监管经营，对本公司的客户和员工平易近人。 3． 保管日常账册。 4． 支付日常公司经营到帐的款项 5． 广泛地保护公司的利益 此外，即便是有这部分的英文合同，也经常因为附录的内容庞杂篇幅较长，如有 关的图表或者其他法律文书， 而放在合同的最后单独列明。下文就是单独列在合 同后的附录的一个信用证： EXHIBIT B Letter of Credit XYZ BANK LIMLTED [Address] Credit Bank, N. A. International Banking Facility Los Angeles, California 90000 U.S.A. Date: Letter of Credit No.: Gentlemen: We hereby establish this irrevocable letter of credit in your favor for account of ABC Company in the amount of U. S. $ _______ (amount in words), available against your draft(s) drawn at sight on Credit Bank, N.A., Letter of Credit Department, Los Angeles, California, accompanied by your signed and dated statement as follows: &The amount drawn under Letter of Credit No.[_________]dated[_______] issued by XYZ Bank Limited on behalf of ABC Company is payable to the undersigned pursuant to the terms of that certain Loan Agreement dated as of _________, 20 ___, between ABC Company and Credit Bank. N.A.& All drafts drawn under this Letter of Credit must bear the clause &Drawn under XYZ Bank Limited Letter of Credit Number_____, dated_______, 20 ___. Partial drawings are permitted.We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this Letter of Credit that the drafts will be duly honored if drawn and presented to the above drawn in Los 8 Angeles, California, on or before [Expiry date 30 days after the final Installment Payment Date]. This Letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), International Chamber of Commerce, Publication No. 400. Special Instructions to Drawee Bank In reimbursement for any payment made by you hereunder, you may debit our account with you. XYZ BANK LIMITED BY____________ (Authorized Signature) 附件 B： XYZ 银行 地址： 北美信贷银行 国际银行业务部 美国加州洛杉玑 日期： 信用证号码： *先生 我行在此开立，以 ABC 公司为受益人，总额为*美元的不可撤销信用证，凭交加 州洛杉玑北美信贷银行信用证部开出的即期汇票付款。并附有贵行签署、具名日 期的如下声明： 由 XYZ 银行代表 ABC 公司*年*月*日开立的第*号信用证项下款项系根据 ABC 公司与北美信贷银行*年*月*日订立的某贷款协议条款规定，付与签字人。 本证项下开具的汇票须注明&本汇票系凭 XYZ 银行..年..月..日第.号信用证下开具 &的条款。 允许部分提款。 凡根据本证开具与本证条款相符的汇票，如按时开具提交我行，我行保证对出票人、背书人和善意持有人不迟于最后分期付款日后 30 天内承担付款责任。 本信用证系根据国际商会第 400 号出版物跟单信用证统一惯例与实务（1983 年 版）缮制。 付款行特别指令 贵行本信用证项下所付款项，记入我行与贵行的借记帐户。 9 XYZ 银行 授权签字 五、证明部分（Attestation） 英文合同结构中的最后一个部份就是结尾辞即证明部分与当事人的签名。所谓 「结尾辞」指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现一段文字，相当于中文合同中& 双方签字盖章，特此为证&。除了表明签名人确实为正当授权的代表外，还会具 明签名的日期。至于签名档的部份，如果当事人是公司的话，除了代表人的签名 以外，还要加盖公司印鉴，并且通常会注明代表人的职务(title)。 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. ___________________ ___________________ By: By: Title: Title: 本协议由被授权之人，于本协议上述所记载日期，代表双方当事人缔结生效之， 特此为证。 _________________ __________________ 代表人： 代表人： 职务： 职务： & IN WITNESS WHEREOF 这三个词是英文合同结尾辞的标准模式，实体上讲并没有什幺特别的功能或意 义，与中文合同里最后通常会记载的「恐口说无凭，特立契为证」很类似，也有 用 IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF 替代，有时候也会用&INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND&代替，意思也是一样的。 & duly authorized representatives 当合同之当事人为法人组织时， 必须推选出一位自然人作为法定代表人，例如公 司的法定代表人通常会是董事长，代表公司对外签订合同，建立权利义务关系。除了董事长根据法律当然具备对外代表公司的权限之外， 公司董事会也可以通过 决议授权某一个董事、总经理、或其它重要职员作为公司签约的代表人，此时与 公司签约的对方当事人为了确保这个代表人的确属于&duly authorized representative&，可以要求公司提供这个授权的董事会决议证明，以妥善保护自 己的权益。下面就是一个董事会对采购员的授权决议： BOARD OF DIRECTORS'RESOLUTION DESIGNATING A PURCHASING AGENT Pursuant to a duly made, seconded, and carried motion the Board of Directors of __________ _________________ (hereinafter referred to as Corporation) adopted the following resolution by a unanimous vote: RESOLVED, that ______________________ is hereby appointed Purchasing Agent of this Corporation with limited authority to make purchases in the Corporation''''s name and behalf. Under no circumstances will the Purchasing Agent have real or apparent authority to make a purchase for the Corporation if the dollar amount of said purchase or the total dollar amount of an installment purchase will exceed the amount of __________ dollars ($___________). I The undersigned, _________________________, certifies that he or she is the duly appointed Secretary of _______________________ Corporation and that the above is a true and correct copy of a resolution duly adopted at a meeting of the directors thereof, convened and held in accordance with law and the 10 Bylaws of said Corporation on _____________, (Date) and that such resolution is now in full force and effect. IN WITNESS THEREOF, I have affixed my name as Secretary of _________________ ____________________ Corporation and have attached the seal of ________________ ____________________ Corporation to this resolution. Dated: ______________________ ___________________________ Secretary Seal: 董事会决议：任命采购员： 就已第二次提起到董事会的动议，本公司董事会全体一致通过如下决议： 兹决议，本公司授权***为本公司采购员，以本公司名义代表本公司对外采买。 但其单笔采购金额或分期购买的总额不得超过****美元。超过该数额该采购员概 无真实或表见代理权。 我，签字人，证明***，他/她是本公司正式任命的秘书，以上是本公司董事会决 议的真实准确的副本，该决议系按法律和本公司章程在*年*月*日召开的董事会 上正式通过，现完全有效。 作为公司秘书我签字并盖公司印鉴于该决议，特此为证。 日期：*年*月*日 秘书：（签字） 公司印鉴：（盖章） & the date and year first written above 如果合同结尾辞里注明的日期和合同前言所载明的日期相同，就用这句话表示， 如果不同的话，就应该另以条款明定合同生效日（Effective Date），以免产生 争议。如下例： After this contract is signed by the duly authorized representatives of both parties, both parties shall submit the contract to their governments or Boards of Directors for approval. The date when the later party obtains 11 the approval shall be taken as the effective date of the contract. Both parties shall attempt to get the contract approval within 60 days from signing and notify by telex or cable the other party of the approval which is confirmed by the following registered air-mail letter. 本合同经双方正式授权代表签署后，应提交各自政府或董事会批准。以后一方获 得批准日期为本合同生效日。双方应尽力在合同签署后 60 日内获得批准并以电 传或电报形式通知该批准，随后以航空挂号邮件确认。 第二节用词特点（Wording） 作为正式法律文件，英语合同在用词方面极其考究，要求选词专业 （professional）,正式（formal）,准确（accuracy）。具体体现如下： 1．专业性术语（Technical Terms/ Terminology） 法律专业性术语是在合同等法律文件中才用到的词汇，它并不以一般受众为对 象，而针对专业人士，力求使语言表达准确无误。中文合同中常见的诸如&瑕疵&（defect） 、 &救济& （remedy） 、 &不可抗力& （force Majeure） 、 &管辖&(jurisdiction) 等专业用词就已经让非专业人士大惑不解了， 英文合同的专业用词自然就更玄妙 无比了。具体的实例如下： Without prejudice to the parties'' rights under Clause 18. 1, the indemnities provided for in Clausel6. 1 and/or 16. 2 and/or 16. 3 shall be the sole compensation for the damages caused by such delays.不妨害 18.1 款双方的权 利，16.1,16.2 及 16.3 款规定的赔偿应为上述延误引起损害的唯一赔偿金。 indemnities 较 compensation 专业，此处用 compensation 解释了 indemnities； Any such assignment, transfer or conveyance shall be without other consideration than the mutual covenants and considerations of this agreement.任何转让除根据本协议相互契约和对价外不得考虑其他。Transfer， assignment 和 conveyance 都有转让的含义，其中 assignment 和 conveyance （多用于不动产）尤为专业。 We advise you of our intention to terminate our tenancy on or before ________________ (Date) and to deliver to you full possession of the premises。我方不迟于某日期通知你方终止租约并交还房屋全部所有。tenancy 指房屋租赁的租约，而 premises 指租赁的房屋及其附属物都是专业用语。 Licensee agrees to pay to Licensor a minimum royalty of___________ Dollars ($______) as a minimum guarantee against royalties to be paid to Licensor during the first contract term, said minimum royalty to be paid on or before the last day of the initial term hereto. 受许可方同意支付许可方最低使用费*美元作 为该许可合同第一期使用费的最低保证金， 该最低使用费不迟于本合同的入门期 最后一天支付给许可方。Royalties 在许可合同中专指特许权使用费。 Price of the Contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with the content and scope stipulated in Article 2 to the Contract and shall be paid in___________.按照第二条规定的内容和范围。本合同采用提成方式计算价格， 计价的货币为＿＿＿。与上例不同的是，这里的 royalty 指的是许可合同计价方 式的一种即提成计价(royalty price),相对于统包价格（lumpsum price） 12 Default in observing or performing any of the covenants or agreements of debtor set forth in any collateral document of security given to secure indebtedness hereunder, and the continuation of such default beyond any period of grace specified in any such document.借款人未能履行契约或附带的担保文件列明的协议， 以及该违约的持续超过上述 文件规定的宽限期。 在借款合同中 grace 专指宽限期，而不是普通英语的其他意 思。 Furthermore, the parties agree that the following situations shall be considered as exceptional circumstances which justify the earlier termination by the other party: bankruptcy, moratorium, receivership, liquidation or any kind of composition between the debtor and the creditors, or any circumstances which are likely to affect substantially one party''s ability to carry out his obligations under this contract。此外，双方同意以下条件应认为是对方合理提前终止合同 的例外情形：破产、延付令、破产在管、清算或其他债权人和债务人任何形式的 和解，或任何可能对一方履行合同项下义务能力造成实质影响的情形。此处的 composition 显然不是普通英语中&作文&的意思，而是指破产和解。 In addition, upon request of the Board and if the Liquidating Trustee determines that it would be imprudent to dispose of any non-cash assets of the Company, such assets may be distributed in kind to the Members in lieu of cash, proportionately to their right to receive cash distributions hereunder.另 外， 应董事会请求且如果清算托管人确定处理本公司非现金财产非明智之举，该 财产可按各成员根据合同项下收取现金份额的权利以实物形式替代现金进行分 配。In kind 此处与 in cash 相对，通常用于合资、合伙协议中表示&以实物出资 &， 本句中是以实物分配清算。 In lieu of 表示替代相当于基础英语中的 instead of。 The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的 信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未 履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。Reserve 为专用词汇，我 们常见的&版权所有&英语表达就是 All rights reserved。 Rescind （取消合同/协议） 和 lodge（提出索赔，与 claim(s)连用）也都是专业用语。 In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of his investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. 如一方欲出售或转 让其所投资的部分或全部，另一方应有优先购买权。Assign（其名词形式 assignment）和 Preemptive 属专业用语。2. 正式用语（Formal Terms） 英文合同，习惯采用书面的形式，合同往往使用正式的书面用语，较少使用口头 用语，以显示合同正规、严肃。具体实例如下： At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求， 甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式； 13 The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人员不 得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式； The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel. 雇主应 该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式； Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。repatriate 较 send back 正式； This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式；in accordance with 较 according to 正式。 The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主认为承包人委派 的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require 较 ask 正式；而且， require 表示上对下的要求， ask 没有这么明确， 它含有 request 和 require 之意， 其中 request 表示下对上的要求，即&请求&公文体 forthwith 较 at once 正式； The Chairperson may convene and preside an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事长可以根据董 事会过 1/3 董事的提议而召集主持临时董事会议。 Convene 较 hold 正式， preside 较 be in charge of 正式，interim 也是正式用词较 temporary 正式。 In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品 都无所有权。title 较 ownership 正式。 The term &Effective date& means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.&生效期&指双方合同签字的日子。execute 较 sign 正式； The submission to and consent by the Engineer of such programs or theprovision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract. 向工程 师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流量估算， 并不解除合 同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。Consent 和 estimate 都是正式用词； The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as an integral part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同附件应理 解为合同不可分割的一部分。deem 较 consider 正式。 The parties shall work together in order to endeavour to achieve the timely completion of the Project in accordance with the Project Schedule as Annex 4 according to which the construction period shall be _________years from the commencement date.双方共同努力确保按附件四的工程进度表及时竣工，根据 该工程进度表工期应从开工日起*年。Commencement 较 starting、beginning 正式。 同、近义词、相关词并列（Parallel Synonyms, Parasynonyms and Associated） 在英文合同中同近义词或相关词成对或多个并列连用，使合同周密严谨，以减少 漏洞和争议。 14 This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方与乙方签订。句中 made 与 entered into 同义，而 by 与 between 相关。 Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions set out below: 甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商 品：terms 和 conditions 同义，往往并列连用表示合同的条款。 Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自 9 月 2O 日起， 甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。 On 与 after 相关词连用用以明确时间。 Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.任何合伙人或其代理人，可随时审查任一或全部会计账目或 其他记录。Any 与 all 相关词连用，表达更为严谨。 The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。该仲裁裁决为终局裁决，双方均受其约束。Final 和 binding 属相 关词连用。 The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from furtherperformance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的义 务和责任。Release 和 discharge 相关词连用，duty，obligation 和 liability 属近 同义词连用。 If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect. 如果承包人切实 履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止，否则将保持完 全有效。句中 terms, provisions, conditions，stipulations 为一组同义词，意为 合同的条款及规定， null 和 void， be 和 remain， force 和 effect 也都是同义连用。 4.大写字母的运用（Capitalization） 英文合同中， 有些词的首字母需要大写。需要大写首字母的词除了基础英语中用 在句首的一般情形外，尤其应注意下列的几种情况： 当事人 当事人指合同双方或各方（一般为两方以上）时，首字母通常大写。例如： Party B shall inspect the raw materials supplied by Party A forthwith upon receipt thereof. 乙方应一经收到甲方提供的原材料，即行检验。 机构名称 英文合同中涉及的机构名称，首字母要大写。例如： China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission. （中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会） International Institute for the Unification of Private Law （简称 UNIDROIT） （国际统一私法协会） The Board of Directors (董事会) 15 合同涉及的特指名称 在英文合同中，一些涉及到的关键词语，一般首字母要大写。通常会在合同的定 义条款中定义，然后再重复使用。例如： The Acceptance Test Manual shall be the document prepared by A which will be used by A and the Purchaser FOR checking that the Equipment is in accordance with the specification and Approved Data. 本验收实验手册系指由 A 提供的，供 A 与买方检验设备是否符合技术规格和认可资料的文件。句中的 Acceptance Test Manual , Equipment, Approved Data 均有特指含义。 本合同及合同具体条款及附件名称 Such Site Acceptance shall take place within a period of two weeks after the Effective Date to the Contract as such period may be extended pursuant to Article 6 hereof. 现场验收应在本合同生效日后 2 周内进行，此项验收的时间按本合同第 6 条延 长。 Party A and Party B shall make full endeavors to fulfill this Contract with the stipulated period. The schedule of various activities is attached at Appendix 4. 甲乙双方应竭尽全力在规定的期间内完成本合同，各活动的日程表见附件 4 国际公约、惯例和国家法律法规、条例规章等的名称， 例如：This Contract is signed on a mutuality voluntary basis by and between the following Employer and Employee in accordance with &The Labour Law of The People''s Republic of China.& 本合同在自愿的基础上由聘用方和受聘方根据《中华人民共和国劳动法》达成协 议如下： 合同提及的国际公约、惯例的首字母也需大写，如： International Chamber of Commerce Term 2000(简称 INCOTERMS
年国际贸易术语解释通则 也称 International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 2000 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods （简 称 CISG） 《联合国国际货物买卖合同公约》 The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits,1993 Revision ICC Publication No. 500 《跟单统一信用证统一惯例》（1993 年修订本，国际商会第 500 号出版物） The Uniform Law on International Sale of Goods 《国际货物买卖统一法》 The Uniform Law on the Formation OF Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 《国际货物买卖合同成立统一法》 The Principles of International Commercial Contracts 《国际商事合同通则》合同中的货币名称 Party A shall pay Party B a monthly salary of US$600 (SAY FIVE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ONLY). 聘方须每月付给受聘方美元 600 元整。 SAY 表示后接大 写，ONLY 表示整 此外，英文合同为强调某些部分而用大写字母书写以资醒目。 例如在英文合同的开头往往有这样的句子： This AGREEMENT … WITNESSES that WHEREAS … and WHEREAS … NOW THEREFORE, in consideration of it is hereby agreed as follows: 5.古体词与外来词（Archaic Words and Loan Words） 16 英文合同中迄今仍然使用一些古体词语，最突出的形式是把 here, there, where 加上介词而构成的复合副词。如：hereby, hereto, hereunto, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereunder, thereof, thereto，whereby, whereas 等等。Here+介 词一类往往可以套用介词+this agreement 来帮助理解。There/where+介词就需 要考虑上下文参照 here+介词的理解方法。 具体的理解和运用将在第 3 章英文合 同常用词一节详述。 基于民法法系对普通法系的影响，英文合同的外来词主要是法语和拉丁语，有些 外来词已经同化为英语，成为英语词汇的一部分，还有一些保留下来，现在仍在 使用。连 Contract 这个词都是从拉丁语 contractus 演化来的呢。英文合同中常 见的不可抗力条款用的 Force Majeure 也是拉丁语。具体例子如下： The arbitration shall take place in the Plaintiff''s or Defendant''s country. 仲裁应 在原告或被告的国家进行。 Plaintiff 和 defendant 原为法语， 现在已同化为英语。 The provisions of Paragraph 6 and Paragraph 12 of the US Plan apply mutatis mutandis to the UK Scheme, save that if an amendment is made to the UK Scheme or to the terms of an Approved Stock Option at a time when the UK Scheme is approved by the Inland Revenue under Schedule 9, the approval will not thereafter have effect unless the Inland Revenue have approved the alteration or addition. 应用于英方方案的美方规划的第 6 节和第 12 节的规定的 已作必要的修正， 除非对英方方案或已批准股票期权条款的修改时值根据附件 9 英方方案已获批准，此后该批准不得生效，除非内税局已批准该改变或增补。 mutatis mutandis 为拉丁语，意为已作必要的修正。 An allowance on the basis of 2% of the sales price for each unit shall be calculated and deducted from the purchase price fraction pro rata. 补贴应按每单位售价的 2%计算并从购价中按比例扣除。Pro rata 为拉丁语意为 in proportion, according to a factor that can be calculated exactly. We appoint and empower Mr./Ms. _____________ to be our agent ad litem in the first and second instances and/or retrial respectively, as well as in the enforcement procedures, with respect to the case of _______vs.__________. 我方委托授权某先生/女士为某案一审，二审，再审和执行程序的委托代理人。 Ad litem 为拉丁语&for the suit&. Agent ad litem 表示为诉讼代理人。 6. 助动词的准确使用（Auxiliaries） 英文合同中，shall 并非单纯表示将来时，而常用来表示法律上可强制执行的义 务，具有约束力，宜译为&应&、&应该&、&必须&； will 无论语气还是强制力要比 shall 弱，宜译为&将&、&原&、&要&；should 通常只用来表示语气较强的假设、比 如&万一&。多用&shall&代替&will&或&should&加强语气和强制力。 This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed. 本合同签字生效。 This Contract shall be written in English in four copies. Each party shall keep two copies. 本合同应以英文写成，一式四份，双方各持两份。 Investment contributed by the parties is Renminbi __________, which will be the registered capital of the joint venture company. 各方认缴投资总额为人民 币***，将作为合资公司注册资本。 17 May 则时常用来表达当事人拥有的选择性权利。 如 During the Option Period, the Purchaser may terminate this Agreement with a written notice to the Seller. 选 择期间，买方可书面通知卖方终止本协议。另看下例： The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People''s Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs. 首先，合同双方应通过友好协商解决合同产生与合同有关的争议。如协商不成， 所争议合同缺少仲裁条款或争议后未达成仲裁协议， 则该争议可提交到有管辖权 的人民法院诉讼解决。本句中 shall，should 和 may 的表达准确，符合人们通过&协商&-&仲裁&-&诉讼&解 决争议的基本流程。Shall 表示义务性约定，should 表示假设条件不成就，may 表示行使选择性权利。 第三节句式结构特点（Sentence Structure） 1.句子冗长，结构严谨，语序复杂(prolixity, preciseness and perplexity ) 英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达，多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列，语序 复杂多变的长句面目出现，很少以简单句为主。 A．主句的状语的位置，一般放在助动词后，行为动词前，与基础英语频度副词 如；often，sometimes，always，never，seldom 的位置相同。例如： The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候，就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关 的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保，并保持充分和适当的保险。 If, at any time during the execution of the Work, the Engineer requires the Contractor to make bore-holes or to carry out exploratory excavation, such requirement shall in accordance with Clause 51, be the subject of an instruction unless an item or a Provisional Sum in respect of such work is included in the Bill of Quantities.在工程施工过程中的任何时间内，如果工程师 要求承包人钻孔或进行勘探性开挖，则根据第 51 条规定以指示形式下达这一要 求，但工程量报价表中已经包括了涉及此类工作的项号或暂定金额者除外。 B．从句复杂，从句的状语，往往放在连词之后，从句的句子之前。例如： If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.在合同期间的任何时候，合同任一方，由于受到战争、严重火灾、 洪水、 台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时，合同履行期应予延 长，延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。 If, at the time and in the place agreed under Sub-Clause 37.3, the materials or plant are not ready for inspecting or testing or if, as a result of the inspection or testing referred to in this Clause, the Engineer 18determines that the materials or plant are defective or otherwise not in accordance with the Contract, the Engineer may reject the materials or the plant and shall notify the Contract thereof immediately.如果在按第 37.3 条约定 的时间和地点， 供检查和检验的材料或工程设备未准备好，或者按本条规定所作 的检查或检验结果，工程师认为材料或工程设备有缺陷或是不符合合同规定的， 则工程师可拒收这些材料或工程设备，并应立即通知承包人。（本句较为复杂， 有两个条件从句，一个宾语从句） C．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。例如： A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.如不服本判决，该方 可于接到判决之日起十五日内向上一级法院提起上诉。 The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.除合同另有规定外，承包人应自 行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员，以及他们的报酬、住房、 膳食和交通。 2． 否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe) 英语中处理否定的方式一般有两种：一是否定词放在情态动词或助动词后，行为 动词前，构成正常的陈述语序；二是否定词放在句首，然后情态动词或助动词与 主语位置调换，构成倒装语序。英文合同中含否定意义的句子往往采用后者。例 如： 否定仅前置：(Fronting) l Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.合同第十二条第三款规 定不得妨碍甲方或其分支机构持续经营现有业务。 l Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to nay third party any equity interests held by its side.未经对方同意，任一方不得向任 何第三人转让其持有的股权。 否定倒装：(Anastrophe) l In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profits, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or consequential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿，不论任 何原因引起的，卖方概不承担责任。l In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.在此种情况下， 乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并按年利率 10%加算利息，但不论怎 样乙方该返还不得超过收到甲方终止合同通知后 30 日。 3．被动语态(Passive Voice) 19 和基础英语一样，英文合同中如果不必知道行为主体、不知道行为主体、想强调 行为结果时，就会使用被动语态。被动结构往往作为后置定语、状语或者句子的 谓语。例如： l Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成实质违约。（作谓语） l Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:，按如下列明的 条款，卖方同意出售，买方同意购买下述商品：（作后置定语） l Therefore, Executive agrees that the Company shall be entitled to an injunction restraining Executive from any actual or threatened breach of paragraphs 7, 8 or 9 or to any other appropriate equitable remedy without any bond or other security being required.因此，董事同意本公司无需提供任何保证 或其他担保，有权发出申请禁令限制董事任何实际或危及违反 7、8 或 9 节的行 为或获得任何其他适当衡平救济。（作状语） l The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made by M/T through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B. 所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行和乙方指定银行进行支付。 （作 谓语和后置定语） l Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.合伙企业一经终止或解散，合伙企业立即清算，在分割剩余财 产前，首先偿还所有债务。（作谓语和状语） 1． Such…as 的用法 英文合同力求严密、准确，为避免误解和歧义，常用 such……as 作关系代词， 引导从句，把所修饰的词或短语放在 such 和 as 之间来明确含义。例如：l The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出 合理和恰当施工、竣工及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指令。 l B shall provide such information and data as useful and necessary for the negotiation and appoint a person to cooperate with the representatives from C or New Company and the People''s Insurance Company of China in charge of the negotiation.乙方应向丙方或新公司和主管该谈判的中国人民保险公司提供 谈判所需的有用资讯材料并指定人员与上述各方进行配合。 l The Employee shall also comply with such future Employer policies, rules, regulations, performance standards and manuals as may be published or amended from time to time. 受聘员工也应遵守可随时公布或修改的聘用方今后 的政策、守则、规定、行为规范和员工手册。 20 l The Contractor shall provide the following personnel on the Site for the purpose of the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects: Only such technical assistants as are skilled and experienced in their respective callings (fields) and such formen and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works. 承包人应为施工、竣工或修补工程缺陷向现场（工地）提供：在本行业中技术熟 练，经验丰富的技术助理，和能对工程给予正确监督的监工和领班。 All material, Plant and Workmanship shall, from time to time, be subject to such tests and inspections as the Engineer may require at the place of manufacture, fabrication or preparation, or on the Site, or at such other place or places as may be specified in the Contract, or at all or any of such places. 一切材料、工程设备和工艺应随时按工程师可能提出的要求，在制造、装配或准 备地点，或在现场，或在合同规定的其他地点或若干地点，或在所有此类地点或 其中任何地点进行检验。 第四节时态特点(Tense) 由于合同具有预见性，其约定是希望未来发生、可能发生、应避免发生的事宜， 所以英文合同中的时态多为一般将来时或一般现在时（从句中多见）。而且往往以“应当做（shall do）”、“可以做（may do）”、“必须做（must do）”、“不得做 （may not/shall not）”等表达形式出现来说明当事人的权利、义务。参看第二章 第二节，在此不再赘述。也有基础英语常见的 will、will not、to do 及 do（用于 强调语气）的表达形式。绝少看到其他时态和表达方式。例如： In case Party B becomes delinquent in the payment of any sum due hereunder, Party A will be entitled to suspend the performance until such delinquent is corrected, and initiate termination for cause in accordance with Section 10.2.乙方违约未按本协议规定按期支付的，甲方有权中止履行协议，直 至该违约得以纠正， 甲方还有权于协议第十条第二款规定的事由出现时终止本协 议的执行。 （In case 从句和 until 从句中一般现在时，主句用 will do 表一般将来 时） Licensee agrees that it will not during the term of this agreement, or thereafter, attack the title or any rights of Licensor in and to the Name or attack the validity of this license.受许可方同意在本协议期间及其后不以或对许可方名义侵害许可 方的所有权或任何权利或侵害该许可的效力。 （主句一般现在时， 从句用 will not 表一般将来时的否定） The above mentioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the Buyer with the exception of Force Majeure.上述损失从到港卸货仓储期届满后第 16 天起算， 由 买方承担，不可抗力除外。（to be calculated 将来可能需要计算的） In consideration of employment with the Company, I do hereby acknowledge the facts set out below and agree to be bound as follows:考虑到受聘于公司， 本人由此认可以下列明事实并同意受其约束： （do 强调郑重的语气可不翻译出） 21 当然，在特定的情况下，偶尔也会看到完成时态、进行时态的表达。例如： From time to time after Licensee has commenced selling the articles and upon Licensor’’s written request, Licensee shall furnish without cost to Licensor not more than additional random samples of each article being manufactured and sold by Licensee hereunder, together with any cartons, containers and packing and wrapping material used in connection therewith.受许可方开始销售产品后， 应许可方随时书面要求， 不对许可方产生任何附加费用，受许可方应向许可方提 供根据本协议正在生产销售的随机样品及其相关的纸箱、集装箱和包装材料。 22第三章英文合同中常见的用词及句型 （Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns） I don't care what their intention was. I only want to know what the words mean. A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used. --Towne v. Eisner, 245 U.S.418, 425(1918)(Holmes, J.) 我并不在意他们的意图是什么， 我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明 一成不变， 而是活生生思想的外衣，会因使用的场合和时间在色彩和内容上产生 巨大的变化。 -霍尔姆斯法官（美国） 英文合同中常见的用词和句型有其相对固定的含义和用法， 不仅可以帮助准确理 解掌握合同条款的含义， 而且这些成熟的表达方式可以为提高、完善草拟和翻译 合同所借鉴，达到事半功倍的效果。 第一节合同常用词(Usual Wording)(1) 当大量接触英文合同， 就会发现英文合同中有些词或短语出现的频率非常高，往 往影响或决定了对合同的准确理解， 下面就分门别类从常见实词和常见虚词两个 方面进行具体介绍： 一、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words） 1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词 基本规则：Here 代表 this，there 代表 that，where 代表 which 或 what 即 here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or what Hereby: by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。 例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下： Herein：in this。此中，于此。 例句： The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。 Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。 例句： This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月 ___日由_____ （以下简称甲方） 为一方， 与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。23 Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。 Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。 例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交 易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。 Hereto：to this.本文件的。 Thereof：of that.它的，其。 Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。 例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件 1 中 所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。 Herewith：with this.与此，附此。 Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of un,enforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby. 如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视 为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。 Thereafter: after that，afterwards. 此后 例句： The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period of two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。 Therein: in tha in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在 那方面。 例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租 赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。 Therewith：with that.以此；此外。 例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages,costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因 本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。 Whereby: by the agreement, by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此 协议，凭此条款等。 例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由 AA 公司（以下 简称甲方）和 BB 公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸 易。（本句中省略未译） 2． WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents， In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned. 24 WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore 用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof 用于合同结尾证明部分， 在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及， 恕不赘述。 In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。 例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件， 并于__年__ 月__日接受该文件，特此为证。 NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于 WHEREAS 条款之后引出具体协议事项。 例句： NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下： KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言 部分） 例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件， 兹宣布，我行， （银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下