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1、基于安卓6.0的4.0几时更新？
答：游客，如果您要查看本帖隐藏内容请
2、通话声音小，有杂音？
答： 通话过程中按音量上键可以提高通话音量。
& && & 请在网络信号较好和噪音干扰小的环境下通话。
& && & 将耳朵对准听筒的位置，可有效提高通话音量。
& && & 请注意不要用手指或其他物体遮挡住麦克风（通常在手机底部），声源不要远离麦克风。
& && & 请使用华为标配耳机进行通话，非标配耳机可能会出现不兼容的情况。
& && & 若问题依然存在，请重启手机或备份重要数据后恢复出厂设置。
& && & 若重启手机或恢复出厂设置后通话仍然有问题，请联系客服或携带购机发票前往服务网点检修。
& && & 进入 查询全国服务网点
3、升级系统后，感觉系统卡顿，应用无响应？
答： 针对个别应用无响应，进入设置，应用程序管理中，找到对应的应用程序，将应用程序的缓存数据清空。
& && & 针对系统卡顿，报错，内存不足等情况，各种未知bug，备份好重要资料，双清下，双清教程：
更多常见问题解答：
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赶飞机过来支持一下，辛苦了！
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给力，赞赞赞
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华为软件技术有限公司 版权所有 保留一切权利&p&不要挡我，我要回答。&/p&&p&更新：&/p&&p&&b&不好意思知友们，本人临近毕业，腾讯云学生优惠也到期了，所以下载链接取消了，同时也有小伙伴私信我公开地址，任意分享作者的pdf是不好的，于是我就这样吧。估计要掉粉。。。不过通过我获得资源，还不如自己寻找资源，我就来详细介绍一下我寻找pdf资源的方法。&/b&&/p&&ul&&li&&b&Google大法好。&/b&&/li&&/ul&&p&&b&
比如我要《Python machine learning》这本pdf，于是我可以这样：&/b&&/p&&br&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-fbb4ffcf34acef497e6598_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&721& data-rawheight=&599& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&721& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-fbb4ffcf34acef497e6598_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&点开第一个链接：&/p&&br&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-3d24dcb7eacb699233ae_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&825& data-rawheight=&517& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&825& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-3d24dcb7eacb699233ae_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&看，我们就下载到了第一本书。所以Google实在是居家必备的搜索方式。有同学问，如何上Google，这就涉及到如何翻墙的问题，小伙伴们自行解决啊，我买的ss代理，80元一年的，具体名称就不说了，免得有打广告的嫌疑。&/p&&ul&&li&&b&
微博&/b&&/li&&/ul&&p&&b&
话说微博网盘现在不好使了，但是还是能搜到一些pdf 的。&/b&&/p&&ul&&li&&b& 百度网盘&/b&&/li&&li&&b&印象笔记 本人经常逛一些论坛已经技术博客，看见有意思的就使用印象笔记截屏下来，制作成pdf&/b&&/li&&/ul&&p&&b&授人以鱼不如授人以渔，希望小伙伴们学会自己搜索信息，自己掌握的才是真正的本领，谢谢大家。&/b&&/p&&br&&p&更新：&/p&&p&知友们太给力啦，让我一个知乎小白不知道说什么好，而且私信我的同学特别多，于是我就自己做了一个服务器，将pdf放在了上面，地址见最后，复制文件地址用下载器下载，直接打开很慢，租的1元的腾讯云服务器，点完赞再拿啊，谢谢大家。&/p&&br&&p&-------------------我是分割线，以下为回答------------------------------------------------------------------------&/p&&br&&p&首推&Python machine learning&，这本书我看了两个星期，里面每一行代码都打过，印象特别深刻，而且特别易懂，准备再看第二遍。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-87bbf92a7e2b3e39f08cc2_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&481& data-rawheight=&619& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&481& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/50/v2-87bbf92a7e2b3e39f08cc2_r.jpg&&&/figure&&br&&br&&p&其次就是《Python for data analysis》,这本书可以作为工具书来看，特别棒，覆盖了很多知识点，在业务中需要的时候翻翻。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-5d1dddb9ac6d2_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&381& data-rawheight=&519& class=&content_image& width=&381&&&/figure&&br&&p&第三就是：《Data Science from Scratch First Principles with Python》，这本书真的棒啊，作者从最基础的线代、概率出发，讲解在python中各种数学公式的实现，有代码，也有解释，不是教你用库，对，教你从头写一个机器学习算法，从简单的逻辑回归到复杂的神经网络，都有涉及，最后还介绍了大数据中常用的MapReduce，非常清晰。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-f13f4f6f5d4cfa7ef8062_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&435& data-rawheight=&615& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&435& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-f13f4f6f5d4cfa7ef8062_r.jpg&&&/figure&&br&&br&&br&&p&第四：周志华老师的《机器学习》，就是西瓜书，讲解了传统的机器学习各种算法的思想，每一章节后面还有小练习，非常棒。&/p&&p&第五：《deep learning》，今年刚出炉的，主要讲解了最近火的不行的深度学习。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-331ecbad28e2b7365f2eeb92b3a01959_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&597& data-rawheight=&615& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&597& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/50/v2-331ecbad28e2b7365f2eeb92b3a01959_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&最后：《Deep learnig with keras》，现在学习深度学习谁不知道keras啊，这本书我看了两遍，感觉还是不够，里面讲解了keras使用入门到进阶，代码实现，一应俱全，真实难的的针对小白的书。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-ab301f09eb91fc128dd2a_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&483& data-rawheight=&625& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&483& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/50/v2-ab301f09eb91fc128dd2a_r.jpg&&&/figure&&br&&p&还有一些其他的书也是很棒的，我就不一一列举了，如果知友们有兴趣，我会继续更新的。&/p&
不要挡我，我要回答。更新：不好意思知友们，本人临近毕业，腾讯云学生优惠也到期了，所以下载链接取消了，同时也有小伙伴私信我公开地址，任意分享作者的pdf是不好的，于是我就这样吧。估计要掉粉。。。不过通过我获得资源，还不如自己寻找资源，…
&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-17fa123af066c303b45d7c79afdf99e0_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&1440& data-rawheight=&900& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&1440& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-17fa123af066c303b45d7c79afdf99e0_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&今天，小魔王给大家推荐一篇很久之前看过的写Python的文章，因为特别有趣，很喜欢，所以之前就收藏起来，在这里来和大家分享一下。&/p&&p&还是那句话，Python是很好的语言，也是AI、Data领域的一门常用语言。学好和掌握之后对于自己的计算机技术的长远非常有帮助。当然如果各位谁是转专业开始来学习计算机的话，Python也是我个人推荐首选学习的编程语言。&/p&&p&所以大家enjoy下面这篇诙谐的Python文章。（作者： 石雨浓、引自：完全用Python工作 ）&/p&&p&---------------&/p&&p&第一天, 太初有道, 神谕, import light, 于是便有光。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-d99773c39dab11c4aca2a1af8f9d426c_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&519& data-rawheight=&322& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&519& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-d99773c39dab11c4aca2a1af8f9d426c_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&（Quick fact: 在python解释器里输入import antigravity有彩蛋）&/p&&p&作为一个业余物理工作者以及入门计算机使用者, 选择一门称手的编程语言是非常重要的事。从计算能带, 处理数据, 编写脚本到画图, 写个http服务器分享文件 (看上去很专业，实际在Python里只有一行), 做个网页, 几乎全部需要计算机完成。但是为了这其中每个不同的目的单独去学一门语言成本简直过于高, 于是需要一个一般用途（general-purpose）的语言,处理所有的事是非常自然的事情。&/p&&p&编程语言的两极是Assembly和Haskell, 一个接近硬件的本质, 一个接近计算的本质。一个是地狱, 处理着最繁琐最耗神的事情：内存分配, 系统调度, 硬件架构, 各种寄存器A1, B2。 一个是天堂, 优美的写着递归, 高阶函数, lambda表达式, 优美的并行计算(完全不用考虑race condition)。&/p&&p&然而我们生活在人间, 所以大规模应用的语言不可能如此纯粹。 两端中间游离着很多general-purpose的语言, C, C++, Java, Ruby, 几乎都能达到我们所有日常的要求。 只不过，这些语言能做的Python都能做，而且Python做得更好。&/p&&p&接下来我说明为什么。但是要说明，本文的读者不包括写嵌入式，写javascript以及写大型项目对性能要求极高的人（即使是大型项目也可以80%用python，20%用C），当然还有就是java和C++的重度患者。(完全使用XX工作意思不是&所有人都完全使用XX工作”！显然只是部分人。&/p&&p&更多的是，非专业编程但是想提高效率的人。比如之前有篇&完全使用*nix工作&，C#，iOS开发的人显然就一下也不能用。对于我，linux再好我也只能装在老电脑上交交CS225的作业。当我把mint, opensuse, archlinux装遍了，下一步就是gentoo了的时候，否决它只有一条理由，我笔记本电池不经用，而桌面linux的电源管理...... 感谢我的cpu风扇~!）&/p&&p&&b&首先，我想说的是，为什么不用下面这些大部分人很熟悉的语言：&/b&&/p&&p&1. C: 你难道指针扎得不疼么? 每天收垃圾很舒服? 键盘上P右边两个键是不是已经按坏了?
&br&2. C++: 学C++三年以内请不要说你会C++;
学了三年以上的人, 恭喜你们, 你过去几年浪费的时间我可以拿着香飘飘环绕地球一圈了。&br&3. Java: 不好意思, Java的面向对象对我来说是原子弹打原子。 而且Java7才引进Lambda表达式实在是太晚了, 即使java以后会跟python越来越像, 至于支持真正的函数式编程? 我希望下个末日之前可以实现. 而且有时候我确实需要单行执行的解释器而Java并没有。&br&4. Ruby: Ruby很好，但是你为什么不直接说你只是为了用RoR?&br&5. Lisp: 如果你用lisp, 你平时肯定会用python或者perl写脚本。 而且你会Lisp不去拯救世界还来看这篇文章干什么?! 抽象语法树什么的最讨厌了....&br&6. Perl: 我第一次看Perl的代码就感觉像用脚写的. &为什么满屏的正则表达式？&!&br&7. C#, php, javascript：呵呵。&br&8. Shell: 这算语言么？&br&9. Matlab: &br&第一，我穷酸学生没钱每年买你的正版, 看到激活码就想吐。 &br&第二，我不想心血来潮画两个心形函数的时候用1mb的窄带花两天下个5.03Gb的文件在我128Gb的固态硬盘里装，然后用完两个小时就删，如此循环。 &br&第三，我会python了不想再花时间学你的sb语法，熟悉你的.m文件。&br&第四，所有对windows的垄断的血泪控诉都直接对mathwork转过来吧～什么对开源，对自由，对的打击信仰～绝对适用～ &br&第五，python大部分时候如果不比你好用至少跟你一样好用，而这只是它不到10%的功能，几个程序员业余时间写出来的库。真心请matlab你这个没事发邮件“培训一个星期2000刀打折700刀”的大公司滚粗。&br&10. Haskell: 每次想静下心来学haskell 都会情不自禁从范畴论看起....&/p&&p&&b&对于单纯程序语言的使用者来说，用途（内在逻辑）大于一切不必要的语言细节。&/b&比如我就想建个数组放东西，为什么我要懂内存回收？！&/p&&p&所以在易用性方面，Python相对于他们作了很大改进的部分。&/p&&p&好吧，你会说Python没有缺点么。确实有，而且很严重，那就是运行慢。而且是慢出风格，慢出自信。（Python 3比Python 2 慢 15%以上， 这是一种什么风格！）相同的程序Python比C慢几百倍很正常。这让Python的发展受到很多限制。但是对于个人使用来说这个缺点完全不属于缺点。&/p&&p&第一，这个年代谁没有奔腾酷睿2什么的。你手机的运行能力都可以几毫秒内把你在厕所拍的几千张自拍液化，磨皮，磨骨好几遍了。而且你觉得0.01秒和0.5秒的区别真的那么大么？12秒也不是很久啊。&br&第二，很大程度上程序的慢更关乎于算法，比起O（n）和O（n^2)的区别， 语言间的差异就显得很小了。&br&第三，请注意，如果你使用过Python而且真实的觉得Python慢，那么情看下这个列表：&/p&&p&1. Google创立前的第一个网络爬虫；&br&2. Quora，美国最大在线知识问答平台，开复哥总是在上面拽文的；&br&3. Dropbox；&br&4. Youtube；&br&5. BT；&br&6. 知乎，中国的Quora；&br&7. 豆瓣，开创社交工具绿色系代表yp的先河。&/p&&p&你知道我要说什么了。.....恩～他们有一个共同点~ ------------ 都是Python写的！如果tmd的Dropbox没有觉得Python慢，请你也有足够的信心不要觉得Python慢。另外八卦一下，现在Python之父前两天从google去Dropbox了，这是很值得自豪的事， 值得Dropbox为之自豪。&/p&&p&Python是荷兰人van Rossum1991年开发完成的脚本解释语言。起这个脑缺的名字是因为他是一个叫做Monty Python的脑缺喜剧团体的脑残粉（BTW，Monty Python出演的巨蟒与圣杯是英国电影史上跟大话西游同样地位的喜剧，其中亚瑟王被黑成了炭，里面圆桌骑士们拿着块石头敲来敲去各处蹦达着，看影评我才知道这是表示他们在骑马%&……×（).
于是人们知道以这么脑残的名字取的语言不是像brainfuck语言一样是brainfucker，那么就会像莫里盖尔曼以乔伊斯“芬尼根的守夜人”中虚构名词来命名的夸克一样，成为一个一个不朽的新创造。Python显然属于后者。 &/p&&p&接下来，说正题，为什么Python如此先进（对于初学者）。&/p&&ul&&li&&strong&代码简洁性和可读性&/strong&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&&p&写过hello world，hello android， hello **的人都知道，&b&学语言最好的途径就是写和读&/b&（即使是学书面的自然语言）。所以代码的可读性是选择学一门语言的关键因素，因为你代以后会花很多时间读别人的代码。可读性带来的影响是非常深远的。有种说法, 说在遥远的古代阿拉伯数字传入之前欧洲之前, 其数学发展几乎为0, 而造成这种缓慢的原因就是因为复杂的罗马数字的广泛使用。&/p&&p&这表明很多时候即使我们不愿意承认, 往往是形式决定的内容。 比如罗马数字没有0， 自然很多数学概念就难以发展。 没有流形也不可能发展广义相对论一样。 所以............如果想以后从此过上幸福的生活, 请不要选用perl。
如果不幸选择了perl， 那么就君就 一入侯门深似海，从此萧郎是路人 了。当以后你两行清泪的看着自己十天前写的不过10几行的楔形文字时, 你就会明白。&/p&&p&而Python的可读性是我见过最好的：&/p&&p&1. Python的代码格式使用缩进而不是括号。 首先节省了很多行数, 变得而为紧凑, 而美观。相传的俄罗斯人偷美国NASA的C代码那个段子满屏括号的情况是不可能出现Python版本的。&br&2.逻辑相当清晰. 循环的结束与开始一目了然。&br&3. 屏幕右方得到充分利用. 比如使用24寸屏幕的人是不是感觉自己总是望着左边编程.....和17寸等高的屏幕区别不大, 很费右边的电。&/p&&p&比如, 这是某个C用来图像采样的算法的代码:&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-931fef94be5bda27a10a82ce14c8a739_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&584& data-rawheight=&540& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&584& data-original=&https://pic3.zhimg.com/v2-931fef94be5bda27a10a82ce14c8a739_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&好吧, 很带萌感, 画风也很不错。&/p&&p&但是Python也不是写不出混乱的代码, 或者说只要有一定自由性的语言就可以写出。 比如没事写个(Pseudo Code): boolean AlwaysTrue = F 或者int MagicNumber =42; 什么的。&/p&&p&&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//rrurl.cn/6NRCe7& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&这个&/a&是Python版, 完全不符合Python哲学。&/p&&ul&&li&&strong&Python的思想&/strong&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&&p&上面一点是语言形式的, C也可以改成缩进， 所以此项不是核心优势. 而使用一门语言是使用它的思想. 于是要谈到Python的哲学, The Zen of Python。在python命令行里输入import this可以看到：&/p&&p&Beautiful is better than ugly.美优于丑&br&Explicit is better than implicit.晰胜于浑&br&Simple is better than complex. 简胜于繁&br&Complex is better than complicated. 繁胜于杂&br&Flat is better than nested. 平胜于嵌&br&Sparse is better than dense. 稀胜于稠&br&Readability counts. 可读至上&br&Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules. 殊例不足违训&br&Although practicality beats purity. 虽实用大于纯粹&br&Errors should never pass silently. 谬不可疏&br&Unless explicitly silenced. 除明示&br&In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess. 晦不存疑&br&There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it. 一法万用&br&Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch. 若非尼德兰红毛，法难定 （......科学没有国籍）&br&Now is better than never. 今胜于无&br&Although never is often better than *right* now. 无胜于促&br&If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea. 难述其施，谬法也&br&If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea. 其施可述，或可行Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!命名空间，多多益善&/p&&p&如果觉得俺翻译得太烂可以看英文。 但是你看到一个物品/工具/器件/用品的设计理念是如上时, 除开认为设计者装逼之外, 必定会觉得这个工具是十分可靠, 清爽的。 首先看到这个蹩脚的诗我就想到的是Unix伟大的亲嘴原则（Keep It Simple and Stupid), 而Python的确如此。（部分）解读如下：&/p&&p&美优于丑。我只想举一个例子，你们感受一下（哈哈哈哈）。学C语言写辗转相除的novice们先include你的stdio去吧:&/p&&p&
-----&/p&&p&
def gcd(x, y):&/p&&p&
while y:&/p&&p&
x, y = y, x%y&/p&&p&
return x&/p&&p&
----&/p&&p&明晰胜于浑晦:&/p&&p&
Python逻辑与或用and 和 or 而不是
&& 和 ||&/p&&p&简胜于繁，繁胜于杂，平胜于嵌，稀胜于稠 可读至上:&/p&&p&
分别用C和Python写个hello world就能明白。&/p&&p&特例不足违反规则:&/p&&p&
这句话最好的例子是Python没有char类型。因为大伙儿认为char只是一位的字符串。&/p&&p&实用大于纯粹:&/p&&p&
于是Python里有chr()。&/p&&p&谬不可疏 除明示:&/p&&p&
有时候exception还是重要的。&/p&&p&晦不存疑，一法万用:&/p&&p&
1. 与其用iterator, for循环, 指针移动，数组下标移动， 不如一个for...in...直接解决问题。&/p&&p&
2. list，dict和tuple的数据结构也是希望能适用于绝大部分场合。这三位可以在必要的时候变成：列表，栈，队列，哈希表，七七八八各种东西....&/p&&p&
3. 函数的参数也勉强可以算进来。利用*和**, python的函数参数灵活性无以复加。&/p&&p&若非尼德兰红毛，法难定:&/p&&p&
第一次看到荷兰人写的xx= if yy&0 then 0 else 1 是不是想哭...&/p&&p&中间几句太哲学了.....:&/p&&p&
略过....&/p&&p&命名空间，多多益善：&/p&&p&
面向对象...&/p&&p&这些特性简直可以形容为黑曼巴...灵活，准确，快速，强力。&/p&&p&Python语法的优美之处数不胜数，难以名状，深入人心，犬牙交错，人神共愤，不随意肌。语法是思想的延伸，有人说你学一门新语言而不学习新的思想则。还是新评装旧酒。由于我不是写tutorial，就不一一讲述所有的细节了。 只列举下最好和简单的特性, 而像decorator（面向切面），generator，多线程，itertools，一次肯定也讲不完。&/p&&p&1. Python中的整数相当于C中的长整型(long), 32位的机器上整型取值范围为 -至, 64位机器上为-75807。Python的长整型是无限制的，只要内存允许。很相似的是Python里的无限list。一个很著名的例子是使用生成器(generator)，就可以生成一个无限长的Fibonacci数列;&/p&&p&------&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&fib&/span&&span class=&p&&():&/span&
&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&k&&while&/span& &span class=&bp&&True&/span&&span class=&p&&:&/span&
&span class=&k&&yield&/span& &span class=&n&&a&/span& &span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&o&&+&/span&&span class=&n&&b&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&这个数列号称无限长，其实是需要运算哪一位时才计算。这就是著名的&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//rrurl.cn/ijhaa2& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&惰性求值&/a&。Python中的长整型和无限list的概念均来自于Haskell。&/p&&p&对于C和C++要处理大数据要使用高精度算法, 用一个struct表示一个大数, 使用一个array储存它, 然后自定义运算函数(加减乘除)。&/p&&p&2. List comprehension，切片等操作&/p&&p&使用list comprehension可以杜绝掉50%以上的for循环，后者的效率极其低下(可以看看C源码的实现)，而且不够紧凑。我之前上面举的第一个粒子就是list comprehension的很好的运用。随便举个python官方文档的粒子：
&&& [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x !=y]&/p&&p&
运行结果得到，&/p&&p&
[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]&/p&&p&反转一个数列的例子，是个one-liner ：&/p&&p&
lis[::-1]&/p&&p& 3. 正则表达式&/p&&p&Python正则表达是内置的。一个粒子是我在实验室测试Josephson Junctions时碰到的情况，简化的说就是：我有几百个文件夹，每个文件夹有几百个文件，每个文件有几万条数据，每几个数据我要处理完然后存在另外一个文件夹的另外一个文件里。我要做的工作有：&/p&&p&
-用正则表达式找到我要的文件夹和文件，剔除不需要的；&/p&&p&
-逐行读出txt文件里面的数据；&/p&&p&
-每几个数据设个参数平均，最小二乘处理，剔除几个极端情况，画出图；&/p&&p&
-保存 这里Python就起到了一个脚本语言应尽的责任了。&/p&&p&整个从打开文件到保存 不超过150行，还加上我罗哩叭嗦的注释。如果用C写... 呵呵呵呵呵呵。当然这个用Shell也不会太差，不过实验室用的是windows，用windows脚本我还不如去死。自从我写完这个脚本后，从此我们实验室的testing就过上了幸福的生活。（可能么？）&/p&&p&4.reduce, lambda, filter 和map&/p&&p& 这些全来自于函数式编程。比如找到prime之内的质数：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&nb&&filter&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&k&&lambda&/span& &span class=&n&&prime&/span&&span class=&p&&:&/span& &span class=&nb&&all&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&prime&/span&&span class=&o&&%&/span&&span class=&n&&num&/span& &span class=&k&&for&/span& &span class=&n&&num&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&nb&&range&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&prime&/span&&span class=&p&&)),&/span& &span class=&nb&&range&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span&&span class=&n&&prime&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&如果作为中文读出来则是（prime是之前给定的一个数）：在2到prime之间，过滤出那些所有不被2到自己整除的数。难道还能更简单么！如果用的C， 呵呵。 这里出现了Zen of Python没有提到但是是Python里非常重要的一点，对“数”的操纵。毕达哥拉斯信奉一切皆数，程序语言更应算更是如此，只有对“数”和“类型”的完全掌控，才能如鱼得水。&/p&5. 语言的动态性 Python是动态语言，这是非常重要的一点，一直忘了说。这一点可以直接完爆C++自己一向自豪的泛型编程，模板编程。且看一个strangeness为0的粒子：&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&build&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&type&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&value&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&nb&&type&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&value&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&n&&build&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&0&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&所以稀饭们请看过来， 你们家C可以三行写出这种东西么？！！没完，接着：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&def impose(func, value):
return func(value)
def anyfunc(value):
return value*value
print impose(anyfunc, value) #此处是python2.7的语法
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&一看就知道是函数式编程。请问C可以么？！&/p&&p&当然还有之前说的函数参数的灵活性：&/p&&p&如果定义一个函数&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-text&&&span&&/span&def print_whatevercrapsthefuckinguserinputs(**params):
print params
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&你就可以想输入多少参数就输入多少了，比如：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&n&&print_whatevercrapsthefuckinguserinputs&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&err&&“&/span&&span class=&n&&I&/span&&span class=&s2&&&,”dont&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&give&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&a&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&fuck“),&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&只要有print函数的接口（这又涉及了鸭子类型和类似haskell的typeclass的性质， 呱....）。其实际作用是 比如你想在数据库里输入大批量用户信息，mi amigo，对于这样一个蛋疼的函数名字，调用一次就够了。&/p&&p&在Python里类型，函数，全部都是可操作的对象。这可以改变一切。第一个例子显示了对数据类型的操作，第二个是对函数的操作,第三个是对参数的控制。我不想想象用C写这个例子了，因为C根本写不出来。 以上所有这些Python的特性，你可能说我用C实现一个一样的就好了。诚然，你可以在C里一个个写出来自己喜欢的特性，但是你写到后面你会发现你只是再次发明了Python，然后拿C重新写了一个解释器， 而且实现得更烂而已。Please! Don't re-invent the wheel。&/p&&br&&ul&&li&&strong&Python的类库齐全&/strong&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&&p&对于我们普通人来说一个语言最重要的还是库函数的齐全程度，Java在此方面已经登峰造极了。而现在的Python不输于他。一个语言的火热程度可以从类库看出， 下面是github上语言的排名： &/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5d5f97ece19e05d8c394_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&720& data-rawheight=&372& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&720& data-original=&https://pic2.zhimg.com/v2-5d5f97ece19e05d8c394_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&由于Javscript的特殊性和Ruby的RoR我们就不去管它了，Python占8%,C占6%. 貌似差得不远, 恩。但是如果你仔细看C的project，随便翻十页可能发现会有三页的项目其实是在写python的类库。真是母亲为孩子显出一切。&/p&&p&另外一个说明Python类库齐全的例子是我这个学期被某教授压着要算一个固体模型的Berry's Phase。正值final之前, 如何有心思写这厮。一筹莫展之际竟然发现python有个固体算能带和巴里态的库！！nm这也能有!? 仔细观摩了下源代码, 1000来行,干净整洁, 速度用之，皆大欢喜。这种小众库都有我已经不能想象你有什么变态要求Python不能满足了。以下是一些常用的类库。&/p&&p&1.如果你想写网络应用，轻量级：web.py （web.py的作者最近自杀去世，RIP）中量级：Django,Pylon 重量级：twist。其实很多人诟病Python的网络框架过于多，不能集中起来，我倒觉得无所谓。我用过Django， 写个小小的博客程序，1000多行，这是用java不可想象的。Youtube上有个半个小时的用Django写博客的演示：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//rrurl.cn/7kYG1A& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srHZoj3ASmk&/a& 。 半个小时！！一边写一边讲！一个博客程序！！还带后台功能！What the F*! 是编程么！？我脱稿写个平衡树都不只半个小时啊！&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-ae3b1b4be_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&720& data-rawheight=&327& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&720& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-ae3b1b4be_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&2.如果你想做科学计算，NumPy&SciPy可以取代90%matlab的常用功能，然后让我想一想，他们好像只有几十mb！！加上Pythonxy也才700mb多！但是你没有更多的新学语法的成本，也不用付给mathwork血汗钱。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-734eeacb2568_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&197& data-rawheight=&188& class=&content_image& width=&197&&&/figure&&p&3.网络爬虫。Python的超强项，beautifulsoup的网页解析，scrapy等等，不一而足。Twitter， 微博等好像也有python的API。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-08a713b639f5a6b3fbe09_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&692& data-rawheight=&206& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&692& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-08a713b639f5a6b3fbe09_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&4.Machine Learning，数据分析和Natural Language Processing。 请去Kaggle上看看多少参赛者是用的Python。 著名的库有Pandas。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-c682b4a0a90e_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&615& data-rawheight=&125& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&615& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-c682b4a0a90e_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&5.桌面应用。 pyqt。Dropbox貌似就是使用的pyqt写的。&/p&&figure&&img src=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ab11ac0dc750e2c0302e5_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&982& data-rawheight=&1024& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&982& data-original=&https://pic1.zhimg.com/v2-ab11ac0dc750e2c0302e5_r.jpg&&&/figure&&p&最后我想讲下Python Challenge。Python作为一个强劲的编程语言有着极为活跃的社区，文档丰富，教程齐全。当然就有很好的网上解谜过关类的教程。Python Challenge是在各个类型的解谜过关性的我看到过的最好的一个。难度适中，而且可以从中学到很多。解法不局限于python，可以用perl， shell，C甚至Erlang！官方解答往往有10多种解法，精妙至极。但是你会一步步从中发现Python的优势。一共33关，在充满乐趣的智力挑战和极大的满足感后，你可以学到PIL库的使用，pickle的使用，正则表达式，完成后你会发现思维方式的改变。&/p&&p&Last words&/p&&p&神爱众人，于是带来Python。&/p&&p&
---------------PIRATICUS 13:7&/p&
今天，小魔王给大家推荐一篇很久之前看过的写Python的文章，因为特别有趣，很喜欢，所以之前就收藏起来，在这里来和大家分享一下。还是那句话，Python是很好的语言，也是AI、Data领域的一门常用语言。学好和掌握之后对于自己的计算机技术的长远非常有帮助。…
&figure&&img src=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-a4c09d6a84950dbf7d3f7b51393ac91a_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&587& data-rawheight=&442& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&587& data-original=&https://pic4.zhimg.com/v2-a4c09d6a84950dbf7d3f7b51393ac91a_r.jpg&&&/figure&Python中的装饰器有很多用处，比如输出日志、参数检查、代理设置、计数计时、结果缓存等等。本文就通过几个装饰器例子，详细解释一下Python中装饰器的用法。&ul&&li&一步步从简到繁学习装饰器用法&br&&/li&&li&其他一些装饰器实例&/li&&li&Python中自带的装饰器&/li&&/ul&&br&按照惯例，先上代码：&a href=&https://link.zhihu.com/?target=https%3A//github.com/xianhu/LearnPython& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&GitHub - xianhu/LearnPython: 以撸代码的形式学习Python&/a&&br&&h2&一步步从简到繁学习装饰器用法&/h2&&p&（1）最简单的装饰器，实现日志输出功能：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&logging&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&decorator&/span&&span class=&p&&():&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& called&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&()&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& end&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&result&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&decorator&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@logging&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&():&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&())&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test01&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&代码很简单，很容易看懂。这里注意&functools.wraps&用法，其目的是&test01.__name__&输出正确的&test01&。&@logging&相当于&test01 = logging(test01)&，返回的是decorator函数，所以如果不加&functools.wraps&，则&test01.__name__&返回为&decorator&。&/p&&p&注意，此时test01没有参数，对于带有参数的函数，logging装饰器则不再适用。那么如果想装饰带有参数的函数，装饰器该怎么写呢？&/p&&p&（2）装饰器传入函数参数，并正确返回结果：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&logging&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&decorator&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& called&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& end&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&result&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&decorator&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@logging&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test01, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&这里的test01函数带有参数a、b，那么decorator函数带有同样的参数即可。那么问题又来了，如何让logging装饰器更加通用，而不是只装饰参数为两个的函数呢？这时候自然想到Python中的 * 和 ** 的用法。&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&logging&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&decorator&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& called&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& end&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&result&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&decorator&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@logging&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test01, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@logging&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test02&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test02, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, c=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test01&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test02&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&mi&&3&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&d&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&mi&&4&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&此时对于任意参数的函数，logging都可以进行装饰。但是注意，logging装饰器是不带参数的，那么装饰器可以带参数吗？当然可以，我们换个例子：参数检查。&/p&&p&（3）构建带有参数的装饰器，并正确返回结果：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a_type&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b_type&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_outer&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_inner&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&a_type&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span& &span class=&ow&&and&/span& &span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b_type&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_inner&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_outer&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&list&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&tuple&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test03&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test03, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test03&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&3&/span&&span class=&p&&]))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test03&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数错误&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&从代码可以看出，实际上就是在原有装饰器的基础上，外层又加了一层包装。params_check装饰器的作用是限制第一个参数为a_type，第二个参数为b_type。类似于（2），这里如何让装饰器更加通用，而不是只装饰参数为两个的函数呢？这里又一次想到Python中的 * 和 **。&/p&&br&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&types&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_outer&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_inner&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&_type&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span& &span class=&k&&for&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&_type&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&nb&&zip&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&types&/span&&span class=&p&&)]&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&nb&&all&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&result&/span&&span class=&p&&),&/span& &span class=&s2&&&params_chack: invalid parameters&&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&],&/span& &span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&])&/span& &span class=&k&&for&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&n&&kwargs&/span& &span class=&k&&if&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&]&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&nb&&all&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&result&/span&&span class=&p&&),&/span& &span class=&s2&&&params_chack: invalid parameters&&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_inner&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_outer&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&str&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&o&&=&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&str&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test04&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test04, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, c=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test04&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test04&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&abc&&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test04&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&abc&&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数错误&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&此时params_check装饰器不但能够传入任意个数的参数，而且支持K-V形式的参数传递。&/p&&p&（4）使用装饰器装饰类中的函数，比较简单，直接看代码。注意此时第一个参数为self本身：&/p&&br&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&class&/span& &span class=&nc&&ATest&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&str&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test of ATest, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&n&&a_test&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&ATest&/span&&span class=&p&&()&/span&
&span class=&n&&a_test&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&test&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&n&&a_test&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&test&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数错误&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&（5）多个装饰器同时装饰一个函数，也比较简单，直接看代码：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@logging&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@params_chack&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&str&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&list&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&tuple&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test05&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test05, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, c=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test05&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&]))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test05&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&)))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test05&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str1str2&&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数错误&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&（6）将装饰器写为类的形式，即“装饰器类”。此时对于装饰器类的要求是必须是可被调用的，即必须实现类的__call__方法。直接上代码：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器类&/span&
&span class=&k&&class&/span& &span class=&nc&&Decorator&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&__init__&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&__call__&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& called&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&& end&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&__name__&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&result&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@Decorator&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test06&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test06, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, c=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test06&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&3&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&这里的装饰器类的构造函数中传入func，使其能在__call__方法中被调用。同时这里的装饰器类并没有带有参数，实现不了类似于参数检查的功能。类似于上边的思路，我们这里也可以构建带有参数的装饰器类，还是以参数检查为例：&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 构建装饰器类&/span&
&span class=&k&&class&/span& &span class=&nc&&ParamCheck&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&__init__&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&types&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&types&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&types&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&__call__&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_inner&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&_type&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span& &span class=&k&&for&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&_type&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&nb&&zip&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&types&/span&&span class=&p&&)]&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&nb&&all&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&result&/span&&span class=&p&&),&/span& &span class=&s2&&&params_chack: invalid parameters&&/span&
&span class=&n&&result&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&nb&&isinstance&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&],&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&_param&/span&&span class=&p&&])&/span& &span class=&k&&for&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&n&&kwargs&/span& &span class=&k&&if&/span& &span class=&n&&_param&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&kwtypes&/span&&span class=&p&&]&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&nb&&all&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&result&/span&&span class=&p&&),&/span& &span class=&s2&&&params_chack: invalid parameters&&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&o&&**&/span&&span class=&n&&kwargs&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_inner&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@ParamCheck&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&int&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&str&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&list&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&nb&&tuple&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test07&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&s2&&&in function test06, a=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, b=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&, c=&/span&&span class=&si&&%s&/span&&span class=&s2&&&&/span& &span class=&o&&%&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&))&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 测试用例&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test07&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&]))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test07&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&s2&&&str&&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&)))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数正确&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&test07&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&mi&&1&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&mi&&2&/span&&span class=&p&&)))&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 参数错误&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&br&&h2&其他一些装饰器实例&/h2&&p&函数缓存：一个函数的执行结果可以被缓存在内存中，下次再次调用时，可以先查看缓存中是否存在，如果存在则直接返回缓存中的结果，否则返回函数调用结果。这种装饰器比较适合装饰过程比较复杂或耗时的函数，比如数据库查询等。&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 实例: 函数缓存&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&funccache&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&n&&cache&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&p&&{}&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@functools.wraps&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&_inner&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&if&/span& &span class=&n&&args&/span& &span class=&ow&&not&/span& &span class=&ow&&in&/span& &span class=&n&&cache&/span&&span class=&p&&:&/span&
&span class=&n&&cache&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&]&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&o&&*&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&cache&/span&&span class=&p&&[&/span&&span class=&n&&args&/span&&span class=&p&&]&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&_inner&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 使用装饰器&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@funccache&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&test08&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&a&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 其他复杂或耗时计算&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&n&&a&/span& &span class=&o&&+&/span& &span class=&n&&b&/span& &span class=&o&&+&/span& &span class=&n&&c&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&还有很多其他例子，比如函数调用计数、函数计时、函数自动重试等，思路都基本相同，这里就不一一列举了。&/p&&br&&br&&h2&Python中自带的装饰器&/h2&&p&Python中自带有三个和class相关的装饰器：@staticmethod、@classmethod 和@property。
&/p&&p&（1）先看@property，可以将其理解为“将类方法转化为类属性的装饰器”。先看实例： &/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 使用Python自带的装饰器&/span&
&span class=&k&&class&/span& &span class=&nc&&People&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&__init__&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_name&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&bp&&None&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_age&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&bp&&None&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@property&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&name&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_name&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@name.setter&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&name&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&name&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_name&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&name&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@property&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&age&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span& &span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_age&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@age.setter&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&age&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&age&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&assert&/span& &span class=&mi&&0&/span& &span class=&o&&&&/span& &span class=&n&&age&/span& &span class=&o&&&&/span& &span class=&mi&&120&/span&
&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&_age&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&age&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&n&&p&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&n&&People&/span&&span class=&p&&()&/span&
&span class=&n&&p&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&name&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&s2&&&tom&&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 设置name&/span&
&span class=&n&&p&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&age&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&mi&&12&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 设置age&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&n&&p&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&name&/span&&span class=&p&&,&/span& &span class=&n&&p&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&age&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 输出name和age&/span&
&span class=&n&&p&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&age&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&mi&&120&/span&
&span class=&c1&&# 设置age, 此时认为120为异常数据&/span&
&/code&&/pre&&/div&&p&这里定义一个People类，有两个属性name和age。当我们声明了实例p，使用p操作name和age时，实际上是调用的name、age方法，此时会做参数检查等工作。@property将name方法转化为属性，同时当对该属性进行赋值时，会自动调用@name.setter将下边的name方法。&/p&&p&@property有.setter、.getter和.deleter三中装饰器，分别对应赋值、取值和删除三种操作。&/p&&p&（2）@staticmethod 将类成员方法声明为类静态方法，类静态方法没有 self 参数，可以通过类名或类实例调用。&/p&&p&（3）@classmethod 将类成员方法声明为类方法，类方法所接收的第一个参数不是self，而是cls，即当前类的具体类型。&/p&&p&静态方法和类方法都比较简单，一个简单的例子解释静态方法和类方法：&/p&&div class=&highlight&&&pre&&code class=&language-python&&&span&&/span&&span class=&c1&&# 类静态方法和类方法&/span&
&span class=&k&&class&/span& &span class=&nc&&A&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&nb&&object&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&n&&var&/span& &span class=&o&&=&/span& &span class=&mi&&1&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&func&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&p&&):&/span&
&span class=&k&&print&/span&&span class=&p&&(&/span&&span class=&bp&&self&/span&&span class=&o&&.&/span&&span class=&n&&var&/span&&span class=&p&&)&/span&
&span class=&k&&return&/span&
&span class=&nd&&@staticmethod&/span&
&span class=&k&&def&/span& &span class=&nf&&static_func&/span&&span class=&p&&():&/span&
&span class=&k&&print